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[论文解读] VLT multi-object spectroscopy of 33 eclipsing binaries in the Small Magellanic Cloud. New distance and depth of the SMC, and a record-breaking apsidal motion

P. North, R. Gauderon|HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)|May 24, 2010
Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies参考文献 59被引用 36
一句话总结

本研究利用VLT FLAMES对小麦麦哲伦云(SMC)中的33个食双星进行了多目标光谱观测,结合径向速度曲线与OGLE-II的光曲线,精确测定了恒星参数,并得出新的距离模数为19.11 ± 0.03(对应66.4 ± 0.9 kpc)。研究报告了一项创纪录的拱线运动周期:在一颗分离的B型双星中达到7.6年,支持了小麦麦哲伦云的长距离尺度,并揭示了质量比分布呈平坦特征,且在q ≈ 0.72处存在陡峭截止。

ABSTRACT

Aim: Our purpose is to provide reliable stellar parameters for a significant sample of eclipsing binaries, which are representative of a whole dwarf and metal-poor galaxy. We also aim at providing a new estimate of the mean distance to the SMC and of its depth along the line of sight for the observed field of view. Method: We use radial velocity curves obtained with the ESO FLAMES facility at the VLT and light curves from the OGLE-II photometric survey. The radial velocities were obtained by least-squares fits of the observed spectra to synthetic ones, excluding the hydrogen Balmer lines. Results: Our sample contains 23 detached, 9 semi-detached and 1 overcontact systems. Most detached systems have properties consistent with stellar evolution calculations from single-star models at the standard SMC metallicity Z = 0.004, though they tend to be slightly overluminous. The few exceptions are probably due to third light contribution or insufficient signal-to-noise ratio. The mass ratios are consistent with a flat distribution, both for detached and semi-detached/contact binaries. A mass-luminosity relation valid from ~4 to ~18 Msol is derived. The uncertainties are in the +-2 to +-11% range for the masses, in the +-2 to +-5% range for the radii and in the +-1 to +-6% range for the effective temperatures. The average distance modulus is 19.11+-0.03 (66.4+-0.9 kpc). The moduli derived from the V and from the I data are consistent within 0.01 mag. The 2-sigma depth of the SMC is, for our field, of 0.25 mag or 7.6 kpc under the assumption of a gaussian distribution of stars along the line of sight. Three systems show significant apsidal motion, one of them with an apsidal period of 7.6 years, the shortest known to date for a detached system with main sequence stars.

研究动机与目标

  • 确定金属贫瘠的SMC中代表性食双星的可靠基本恒星参数。
  • 利用分离和半分离双星作为标准烛光,提高SMC距离模数的测量精度。
  • 通过距离模数的离散度,估算SMC沿视线方向的本征厚度。
  • 研究大质量双星中的拱线运动,以检验恒星结构模型。
  • 评估分离和半分离系统中质量比的分布,解决先前研究中的矛盾。

提出的方法

  • 通过最小二乘法拟合合成光谱,从高信噪比的FLAMES-GIRAFFE光谱中提取径向速度曲线,排除氢巴耳末线。
  • 结合OGLE-II巡天的光曲线与径向速度,确定轨道解和恒星参数。
  • 利用PHOEBE接口调用WD恒星演化代码,以及KOREL径向速度拟合代码,计算恒星参数(质量、半径、T_eff)。
  • 通过绝对半径和有效温度计算距离模数,不确定性通过蒙特卡洛模拟传播。
  • 通过在多个历元拟合轨道解,并将观测到的进动速率与理论预测比较,测量拱线运动。
  • 假设视线方向上恒星呈高斯分布,基于个体距离模数的2σ离散度估算SMC的深度。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1基于33个具有光谱和测光数据的食双星样本,SMC的最精确距离模数是多少?
  • RQ2在观测场中,SMC沿视线方向的本征厚度是多少,其约束来自个体距离模数的离散度?
  • RQ3在大质量分离双星中,拱线运动的意义及其物理起源是什么,特别是在恒星结构与演化背景下的意义?
  • RQ4SMC中分离和半分离双星的观测质量比与理论预期及先前观测样本相比如何?
  • RQ5SMC双星的观测恒星参数在多大程度上与Z = 0.004下的单星演化模型预测一致?

主要发现

  • SMC的平均距离模数为19.11 ± 0.03,对应距离为66.4 ± 0.9 kpc,支持长距离尺度而非短距离尺度。
  • 观测场中SMC的2σ深度为0.25 mag(7.6 kpc),与视线方向上恒星呈高斯分布的假设一致。
  • 一颗分离双星(5 266131)表现出目前已知主序B型恒星中最短的拱线运动周期(7.6年),其驱动机制为非点质量结构。
  • 23个分离系统的质量-光度关系在质量范围∼4至∼18 M☉内有效,质量不确定度为±2%至±11%,半径不确定度为±2%至±5%。
  • 分离系统质量比分布呈平坦谱,且在q ≈ 0.72处存在陡峭截止,否定了“双星”假设,并表明先前样本中存在观测偏差。
  • SMC电离氢区(H ii)气体的径向速度分布呈现双峰结构,峰值分别位于145.2 ± 0.5 km s⁻¹和161.4 ± 0.6 km s⁻¹,表明存在动力学子结构。

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