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[论文解读] Voltage Collapse and ODE Approach to Power Flows: Analysis of a Feeder Line with Static Disorder in Consumption/Production

Michael Chertkov, Scott Backhaus|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 24, 2011
Optimal Power Flow Distribution参考文献 24被引用 17
一句话总结

本文为具有空间无序功率注入与消耗的辐射状配电网馈线中的电压动态构建了一个连续常微分方程(ODE)模型,表明无序会非线性地放大接近崩溃时的电压波动,并诱导自平均行为,从而解释了尽管存在局部非均匀性,粗粒度ODE建模依然有效的合理性。该方法揭示了集总式单机-单荷模型在捕捉随机无序效应方面的局限性。

ABSTRACT

We consider a model of a distribution feeder connecting multiple loads to the sub-station. Voltage is controlled directly at the head of the line (sub-station), however, voltage anywhere further down the line is subject to fluctuations, caused by irregularities of real and reactive distributed power consumption/generation. The lack of a direct control of voltage along the line may result in the voltage instability, also called voltage collapse - phenomenon well known and documented in the power engineering literature. Motivated by emerging photo-voltaic technology, which brings a new source of renewable generation but also contributes significant increase in power flow fluctuations, we reexamine the phenomenon of voltage stability and collapse. In the limit where the number of consumers is large and spatial variations in power flows are smooth functions of position along the feeder, we derive a set of the power flow Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE), verify phenomenon of voltage collapse, and study the effect of disorder and irregularity in injection and consumption on the voltage profile by simulating the stochastic ODE. We observe that disorder leads to nonlinear amplification of the voltage variations at the end of the line as the point of voltage collapse is approached. We also find that the disorder, when correlated on a scale sufficiently small compared to the length of the line, self-averages, i.e. the voltage profile remains spatially smooth for any individual realization of the disorder and is correlated only at scales comparable to the length of the line. Finally, we explain why the integrated effect of disorder on the voltage at the end of the line cannot be described within a naive one-generator-one-load model.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一种连续ODE框架,用于建模具有分布式、空间无序有功与无功负荷及发电的辐射状配电网馈线中的电压动态。
  • 分析有功与无功功率注入在空间上的静态无序如何影响电压稳定性和电压分布的平滑性。
  • 研究无序对末端电压的综合影响是否可由简化的集总模型准确捕捉。
  • 验证ODE方法作为大规模电力系统行为粗粒度描述的有效性,尽管存在微观非均匀性。
  • 确立单机-单荷模型在表征空间相关无序对电压崩溃真实影响方面的局限性。

提出的方法

  • 从离散的DistFlow方程出发,通过假设用户数量众多且空间变化平滑,推导出功率流动方程的连续ODE极限。
  • 将有功与无功功率注入的空间无序建模为时间冻结的随机场,其相关长度小于馈线长度。
  • 数值求解所得随机ODE系统,以模拟在无序条件下的电压与功率流动分布。
  • 分析线路末端电压的统计特性,重点关注临界负载附近的方差与崩溃概率。
  • 将ODE模型结果与简化的一机一荷模型结果进行比较,以评估模型的充分性。
  • 利用功率流动的空间积分作为机制,解释在大尺度下无序效应的自平均特性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1空间无序的功率注入与消耗如何影响辐射状配电网馈线的电压稳定性和电压崩溃的触发?
  • RQ2局部无序在多大程度上实现自平均?在何种空间尺度下,所得电压分布仍保持平滑?
  • RQ3为何一机一荷模型无法准确捕捉空间相关无序对末端电压的真实影响?
  • RQ4连续ODE方法能否准确描述大规模无序电力系统中的宏观电压动态?
  • RQ5在不稳定性阈值附近,电压崩溃的概率如何随无序程度的增加而非线性地增长?

主要发现

  • 功率注入与消耗的无序会导致系统接近电压崩溃时,馈线末端电压波动的非线性放大,从而增加失稳的可能性。
  • 尽管存在局部无序,电压分布仍保持空间上的平滑性,并在与馈线长度相当的尺度上保持相关性,表明由于ODE解中空间积分的存在,出现了自平均行为。
  • 任何单一无序实现下的电压分布均保持平滑,不表现出短尺度波动,这为使用ODE近似提供了合理性。
  • 集总式一机一荷模型无法捕捉无序对末端电压的影响,因为此类模型无法体现空间结构与集体响应特性。
  • ODE模型成功再现了有限离散系统中观察到的电压崩溃与失稳现象,验证了其在宏观分析中的适用性。
  • 连续ODE框架为将稳定性分析扩展至动态系统、二维电网以及基于PMU数据的实时控制奠定了基础。

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