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[论文解读] Warm ISM in the Sgr A Complex. I: Mid-J CO, atomic carbon, ionized atomic carbon,and ionized nitrogen sub-mm/FIR line observations with the Herschel-HIFI and NANTEN2/SMART telescopes

Pablo García, R. Simon|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 14, 2016
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies参考文献 71被引用 6
一句话总结

本研究利用赫歇尔-HIFI和NANTEN2/SMART望远镜对Sgr A复合体中的亚毫米波与远红外谱线(CO(J=4–3)、[C I]、[C II]、[N II]及电离碳)进行观测,绘制了银河系中心温暖(25–90 K)星际介质的分布图。结果揭示了广泛分布的发射特征,其中+50 km s⁻¹云在原子碳谱线中呈现新月形结构,归因于与Sgr A-East超新星遗迹的相互作用;同时探测到径向速度绝对值超过100 km s⁻¹的高速气体,其与X1轨道相关,表明存在复杂的运动学特征及外部气体流入。

ABSTRACT

We present large-scale submm observations towards the Sgr A Complex covering ~300 arcmin2. These data were obtained in the frame of the HEXGAL Program with the Herschel-HIFI satellite and are complemented with submm observations obtained with the NANTEN2/SMART telescope as part of the NANTEN2/SMART Central Nuclear Zone Survey. The observed species are CO(4-3) observed with the NANTEN2/SMART telescope, and [CI](1-0), [CI](2-1), [NII](1-0), and [CII](3/2-1/2) observed with the Herschel-HIFI satellite. The observations are presented in a 1 km/s spectral resolution and a spatial resolution ranging from 46" to 28". The spectral coverage of the three lower frequency lines is +-200 km/s, while in the two high frequency lines, the upper LSR velocity limit is +94 km/s and +145 km/s for the [NII] and [CII] lines, respectively. The spatial distribution of the emission in all lines is very widespread. The bulk of the CO emission is found towards Galactic latitudes below the Galactic plane, and all the known molecular clouds are identified. Both neutral atomic carbon lines have their brightest emission associated with the +50 km/s cloud. Their spatial distribution at this LSR velocity describes a crescent-shape structure, which is probably the result of interaction with the energetic event (one or several supernovae explosions) that gave origin to the non-thermal Sgr A-East source. The [CII] and [NII] emissions have most of their flux associated with the thermal Arched-Filaments and the H Region and bright spots in [CII] emission towards the Central Nuclear Disk (CND) are detected. Warm Gas at very high (|Vlsr| > 100 km/s) LSR velocities is also detected towards the line of sight to the Sgr A Complex, and it is most probably located outside the region, in the X1 orbits.

研究动机与目标

  • 绘制银河系中心Sgr A复合体中温暖(25–90 K)星际气体在空间与谱线上的分布。
  • 利用高分辨率亚毫米波与远红外谱线,研究分子与电离气体的物理条件与运动学特征。
  • 识别气体结构与超新星遗迹等高能现象(如Sgr A-East)之间的相互作用。
  • 追踪与X1轨道相关的高速气体组分,可能指示来自银河系外区的气体流入。

提出的方法

  • 在约300平方弧分的区域,利用赫歇尔-HIFI与NANTEN2/SMART望远镜开展大范围亚毫米波外差观测。
  • 测量以下谱线发射:CO(4–3)(461.0 GHz,由NANTEN2/SMART测量)、[C I] 3P1–3P0(492.2 GHz)、[C I] 3P2–3P1(809.3 GHz)、[N II] 3P1–3P0(1461.1 GHz)与[C II] 2P3/2–2P1/2(1900.5 GHz),使用赫歇尔-HIFI。
  • 采用1 km s⁻¹的谱分辨率,空间分辨率为28–46弧秒,低频谱线的谱段覆盖范围为±200 km s⁻¹,[N II]与[C II]的上限速度范围有限。
  • 通过[C I](1–0)发射线对NANTEN2/SMART与赫歇尔-HIFI进行交叉校准,确保T*ₐ量度的一致性,并考虑波束填充效应的影响。
  • 生成信道图与积分亮度图,分析速度分辨的发射结构及云团之间的运动学关联。
  • 识别沿视线方向来自旋臂的吸收特征,尤其在−5 km s⁻¹处,并区分来自中心核盘(CND)、拱形纤维与H II区的发射。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1Sgr A复合体中,温暖星际介质在速度与空间上的分布如何?
  • RQ2在+50 km s⁻¹处,[C I]与CO谱线中呈现新月形发射的起源及其物理机制是什么?
  • RQ3高速气体(|VLSR| > 100 km s⁻¹)的运动学特征如何与X1轨道及银心势阱相关联?
  • RQ4与Sgr A-East超新星遗迹的相互作用在塑造+50 km s⁻¹云形态方面起到何种作用?
  • RQ5观测到的云团之间(如−15 km s⁻¹与+20 km s⁻¹云)的丝状结构是否为物理连接,还是仅因视线方向的旋臂吸收而人为分离?

主要发现

  • +50 km s⁻¹云在[C I]与CO(4–3)谱线中分别于约+59 km s⁻¹与+67 km s⁻¹处呈现新月形结构,表明其与Sgr A-East超新星遗迹存在相互作用。
  • 电离碳([C II])发射在+50 km s⁻¹云的凸面侧呈现明亮且延伸的条带状结构,[N II]发射较弱,提示存在强烈的光致电离或激波激发。
  • 中心核盘(CND)的发射在除[N II]外的所有谱线中均显示从−150 km s⁻¹至+150 km s⁻¹的展宽速度结构,表明气体动力学复杂且高度湍流。
  • 在CND附近约−63 km s⁻¹处发现三个发射斑点——两个位于北部,一个位于南部——其强度不同,表明高速气体中存在不同的物理条件。
  • 在CO(4–3)与[C I]谱线中探测到|VLSR| > 100 km s⁻¹的高速气体,与X1轨道相关,提示来自银河系外区的气体流入。
  • 在−11 km s⁻¹与+8 km s⁻¹处分别观测到连接−15 km s⁻¹与+20 km s⁻¹云的丝状结构,暗示其为一个连续的物理结构,但因视线方向的旋臂吸收而被破坏。

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