[论文解读] Water and interstellar complex organics associated with the HH 212 protostellar disc - On disc atmospheres, disc winds, and accretion shocks
本研究利用ALMA Band 7观测,在0.15''分辨率(60 au)下探测到HH 212原恒星系统中的HDO和CH3CHO,揭示了在盘面之上和之下的旋转、喷流状环状结构中存在化学富集的气体。动力学与丰度分析证实,发射源自离心屏障区域,其中低速吸积激波使气体富含复杂有机物和水,表明盘风已开始形成。
The HH 212 protostellar system, in Orion B, has been mapped thanks to ALMA-Band 7 Cycle 1 and Cycle 4 observations of dueterated water (HDO) and acetaldehyde (CH$_3$CHO) emission with an angular resolution down to $\sim$0.15 arcsec (60 au). Many emission lines due to 14 CH$_3$CHO and 1 HDO transitions at high excitation ($E_{ m u}$ between 163 K and 335 K) have been imaged in the inner $\sim$ 70 au region. The local thermal equilibrium analysis of the CH$_3$CHO emission leads to a temperature of 78$\pm$14 K and a column density of 7.6$\pm$3.2 $ imes$ 10$^{15}$ cm$^{-2}$, which, when $N_{ m H_2}$ of 10$^{24}$ cm$^{-2}$ is assumed, leads to an abundance of $X_{ m CH_3CHO}$ $\simeq$ 8 $ imes$ 10$^{-9}$. The large velocity gradient analysis of the HDO emission also places severe constraints on the volume density, n$_{ m H_2}$ $\geq$ 10$^8$ cm$^{-3}$. The line profiles are 5--7 km s$^{-1}$ wide, and CH$_3$CHO and HDO both show a $\pm$ 2 km s$^{-1}$ velocity gradient over a size of $\sim$ 70 au (blue-shifted emission towards the north-west and red-shifted emission towards the south-east) along the disc equatorial plane, in agreement with what was found so far using other molecular tracers. The kinematics of CH$_3$CHO and HDO are consistent with the occurrence of a centrifugal barrier, that is, the infalling envelope-rotating disc ring, which is chemically enriched through low-velocity accretion shocks. The emission radius is $\sim$ 60 au, in good agreement with what was found before for another interstellar complex organic molecule such as NH$_2$CHO. We support a vertical structure for the centrifugal barrier, suggesting the occurrence of two outflowing, expanding, and rotating rings above and below (of about 40-45 au) the optically thick equatorial disc plane. It is tempting to speculate that these rings could probe the basis of a wind launched from this region.
研究动机与目标
- 研究HH 212原恒星内70 au范围内的气体物理与化学条件,该原恒星为类太阳的Class 0型天体。
- 确定水(HDO)和复杂有机分子(CH3CHO)在原恒星盘及其周围区域的起源与分布。
- 通过动力学与丰度分析,评估所探测到的发射是否对应于盘风或吸积激波区域。
- 检验假设:约60 au处的离心屏障是化学富集及潜在风启动的区域。
提出的方法
- 在Cycle 1和Cycle 4期间,进行了高灵敏度、高空间分辨率的ALMA Band 7观测,角分辨率为0.15''(60 au)。
- 成像了14条CH3CHO的转动能级跃迁(Eu = 163–215 K)和1条HDO的跃迁(Eu = 335 K),以探测气体温度、密度和柱密度。
- 对CH3CHO发射应用局部辐射平衡(LTE)分析,以推导激发温度和柱密度。
- 对HDO采用大速度梯度(LVG)模型,以约束体积密度和柱密度。
- 沿盘赤道面构建位置-速度(PV)图,以分析动力学并推断旋转与喷流特征。
- 在假设H2柱密度为10^24 cm^-2的条件下,计算了CH3CHO的推导丰度。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1HH 212原恒星内70 au范围内的HDO和CH3CHO的空间分布与动力学特征如何?
- RQ2气体在何处发生化学富集?其物理过程(如激波)是什么?
- RQ3发射是否与约60 au处的离心屏障一致,表现为旋转、喷流状环状结构?
- RQ4所观测到的发射是否可归因于盘风或吸积激波区域?
- RQ5推导出的物理条件(温度、密度、丰度)与低速吸积激波模型相比如何?
主要发现
- 在14条跃迁线中探测到CH3CHO发射,其上能级在163 K至215 K之间,表明气体温度为78 ± 14 K,柱密度为7.6 ± 3.2 × 10^15 cm^-2。
- 在假设N_H2 = 10^24 cm^-2的条件下,推导出的CH3CHO丰度为X_CH3CHO ≈ 8 × 10^-9。
- HDO发射(335 K)将H2体积密度约束为n_H2 ≥ 10^8 cm^-3,N(HDO) ≤ 3 × 10^17 cm^-2。
- CH3CHO与HDO均显示在约70 au范围内具有±2 km s^-1的速度梯度,蓝移发射朝向西北,红移发射朝向东南,与旋转和喷流一致。
- 发射半径约为60 au,与NH2CHO的先前测量结果及光学厚盘半径高度一致,支持离心屏障为发射源区域。
- 在盘面之上和之下延伸达40–50 au的延伸发射,支持离心屏障存在垂直的双环结构,表明为盘风的起点。
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