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[论文解读] What Can Cryptography Do For Decentralized Mechanism Design

Elaine Shi, Hao Chung|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 28, 2022
Auction Theory and Applications被引用 7
一句话总结

本文探讨了密码学——特别是多方计算(MPC)——如何克服去中心化交易费用机制(TFM)设计中的根本性不可能结果。它提出了一种MPC辅助模型,其中矿工联合计算分配,即使在有限区块大小和合谋情况下,也能实现具有近似激励相容性和正向矿工收入的非平凡机制。

ABSTRACT

Recent works of Roughgarden (EC'21) and Chung and Shi (SODA'23) initiate the study of a new decentralized mechanism design problem called transaction fee mechanism design (TFM). Unlike the classical mechanism design literature, in the decentralized environment, even the auctioneer (i.e., the miner) can be a strategic player, and it can even collude with a subset of the users facilitated by binding side contracts. Chung and Shi showed two main impossibility results that rule out the existence of a dream TFM. First, any TFM that provides incentive compatibility for individual users and miner-user coalitions must always have zero miner revenue, no matter whether the block size is finite or infinite. Second, assuming finite block size, no non-trivial TFM can simultaneously provide incentive compatibility for any individual user and for any miner-user coalition. In this work, we explore what new models and meaningful relaxations can allow us to circumvent the impossibility results of Chung and Shi. Besides today’s model that does not employ cryptography, we introduce a new MPC-assisted model where the TFM is implemented by a joint multi-party computation (MPC) protocol among the miners. We prove several feasibility and infeasibility results for achieving strict and approximate incentive compatibility, respectively, in the plain model as well as the MPC-assisted model. We show that while cryptography is not a panacea, it indeed allows us to overcome some impossibility results pertaining to the plain model, leading to non-trivial mechanisms with useful guarantees that are otherwise impossible in the plain model. Our work is also the first to characterize the mathematical landscape of transaction fee mechanism design under approximate incentive compatibility, as well as in a cryptography-assisted model.

研究动机与目标

  • 为解决去中心化TFM设计中的不可能性结果,即传统机制在矿工-用户合谋下无法保证激励相容性。
  • 研究密码技术(如MPC)是否能够规避这些不可能性结果,并实现具有有意义保证的非平凡机制。
  • 刻画在纯模型和MPC辅助模型中近似激励相容性的整体格局。
  • 设计并分析一种新的MPC辅助稀释报价拍卖机制,该机制在策略性偏离下可实现合谋收益的有界性。
  • 在MPC模型中建立严格和近似激励相容性的形式可行性与不可行性结果。

提出的方法

  • 引入一种MPC辅助模型,矿工通过安全多方计算协议联合计算TFM。
  • 提出一种稀释报价拍卖机制,设定保留价r,并利用阈值T根据出价量控制分配。
  • 从大小为T的填充向量d中随机选择k个出价,确保公平性和策略鲁棒性。
  • 将每个确认出价的矿工收入设为ǫ/(2c),在控制合谋收益的同时实现正向收入。
  • 使用Shamir秘密共享和诚实多数NIZK实现安全高效的MPC协议。
  • 分析非诚实出价和合谋偏离下的效用变化,证明联合效用增益被ǫ所限制。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1密码学(特别是MPC)是否能够规避Chung和Shi在有限区块TFM设计中的不可能性结果?
  • RQ2在MPC辅助模型中,实现严格和近似激励相容性的可行性边界是什么?
  • RQ3具有加法松弛ǫ的近似激励相容性如何影响矿工收入和合谋收益?
  • RQ4是否存在一种机制,能在确保最多c名用户和矿工组成的合谋者联合效用增益不超过ǫ的同时,实现正向矿工收入?
  • RQ5在所提出的MPC辅助机制下,可实现的最优社会福利是多少?

主要发现

  • 在纯模型中,任何同时满足用户和矿工-用户合谋激励相容性的TFM,其矿工收入必须为零,即使区块大小无限。
  • 在纯模型中,有限区块大小下,不存在能同时满足用户和合谋激励相容性的非平凡TFM。
  • 在MPC辅助模型中,当c ≥ 2时,严格激励相容性不可能实现,但具有ǫ松弛的近似激励相容性是可行的。
  • 所提出的MPC辅助稀释报价拍卖机制实现了Θ(kM)的社会福利,在高报价条件下渐近最优。
  • 该机制满足ǫ-SCP((ρ, c)-规模合谋的ǫ-战略稳定性),确保任何合谋者无法通过策略性偏离获得超过ǫ的总效用增益。
  • 每位用户的效用增加被限制在ǫ/(2c)以内,且每个确认出价的矿工收入为ǫ/(2c),确保正向且可控的收入。

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