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[论文解读] Wireless Optogenetic Nanonetworks: Device Model and Charging Protocols

Stefanus Wirdatmadja, Michael Taynnan Barros|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 20, 2017
Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks参考文献 21被引用 4
一句话总结

本文提出无线光遗传学纳米网络设备(WiOptND),通过微型LED和超声波供电能量采集,实现大脑内长期、单神经元刺激。基于马尔可夫链的时间延迟模式充电协议在保持低尖峰误放电率的同时,将刺激比率下降降低25%,效率标准差仅为0.5%,优于需要完整神经元放电知识的“充电并触发”协议,显著降低能耗。

ABSTRACT

In recent years, numerous research efforts have been dedicated towards developing efficient implantable devices for brain stimulation. However, there are limitations and challenges with the current technologies. Firstly, the stimulation of neurons currently is possible through implantable electrodes but limited to a population of neurons. Secondly, a major hurdle lies in developing miniature devices that can last for a lifetime in the patient's brain. In parallel, Optogenetics has emerged proposing the stimulation of neurons using light by means of optical fibers inserted through the skull. Many challenges are thus introduced in terms of suitability to patient's lifestyle and biocompatibility. We have recently proposed the concept of wireless optogenetic nanonetworking devices (WiOptND), addressing these long-term deployment problems, and at the same time targeting single neuron stimulation [1]. The WiOptND is equipped with a miniature LED that is able to stimulate a genetically engineered neuron while harvesting energy from ultrasonic vibrations. This paper investigates how light propagates in the brain tissue, and based on the power required to emit sufficient intensity for stimulation, an energy harvesting circuitry is designed. A number of charging protocols are also proposed to maximize energy efficiency while ensuring minimum number of neural spike misfirings. These protocols include the Charge and Fire, the Predictive Sliding Detection Window, and its variant Markov-Chain based Time-Delay Patterns. Simulation results show the drop of stimulation ratio for 25% and more stable trend in its efficiency ratio are exhibited on Markov-Chain based Time-Delay Patterns compared to Change and Fire. The results show the feasibility of utilizing WiOptND for long-term implants, and a new direction towards precise stimulation of neurons in the cortical columns of the brain.

研究动机与目标

  • 为解决当前脑部刺激方法依赖侵入性电极和寿命有限的电池所带来的局限性。
  • 通过可植入的纳米级设备实现长期、单神经元水平的刺激,设备通过能量采集实现自供电。
  • 设计能效高的充电协议,在确保可靠神经元动作电位时间同步的同时,最大限度减少超声波发射。
  • 评估并优化在不同神经元放电频率下刺激效率和误放电率。
  • 展示WiOptND在皮层柱内长期神经网络修复中的可行性。

提出的方法

  • 设计集成微型LED用于光遗传学刺激及压电纳米线用于超声波能量采集的WiOptND设备。
  • 建立脑组织中光传播的模型,以确定有效刺激范围和所需光强。
  • 开发充电协议:充电并触发(需完整神经元放电知识)、预测滑动检测窗口,以及基于马尔可夫链的时间延迟模式。
  • 利用马尔可夫链预测神经元放电模式,将超声波频率映射至可能的放电序列。
  • 使用MATLAB模拟设备在皮层四层中的性能,评估指标包括刺激比率和效率比率。
  • 通过效率比率标准差和刺激比率趋势评估能量效率与尖峰误放电情况。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1基于超声波的能量采集能否为纳米级光遗传学设备提供长期脑植入所需的电力?
  • RQ2不同充电协议如何影响WiOptND网络中的能量效率和神经元动作电位误放电?
  • RQ3与“充电并触发”协议相比,基于马尔可夫链的时间延迟模式协议在多大程度上减少了刺激比率下降?
  • RQ4随着神经元放电频率的提高,充电协议的性能如何变化?
  • RQ5在多层皮层网络中,能量消耗与刺激可靠性之间最优平衡点为何?

主要发现

  • 与“充电并触发”协议相比,基于马尔可夫链的时间延迟模式协议将刺激比率下降降低了约25%。
  • 马尔可夫链协议表现出稳定的效率比率,标准差仅为0.5%,表明性能高度一致。
  • 在神经元放电频率超过130 Hz时,马尔可夫链协议在效率方面优于“充电并触发”协议。
  • 预测滑动检测窗口协议在减少对完整神经元放电模式依赖的同时,提升了能量效率。
  • 仿真结果证实了WiOptND在皮层柱中实现长期、精确刺激的可行性。
  • 光传播建模与超声波能量采集的结合,为可植入纳米设备提供了可行的供电方案。

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