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[论文解读] Zak's Phase in Non-Symmetric One-Dimensional Crystals

Marc Martí-Sabaté, Daniel Torrent|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 21, 2021
Liquid Crystal Research Advancements参考文献 1被引用 5
一句话总结

本文将一维晶体中的Zak相位分解为依赖坐标的全局相位(global phase)和与坐标无关的内部相位(internal phase),表明内部相位量化了能带的不对称性,且仅在对称晶体中为零。通过基于傅里叶的计算,本文证明内部相位是一种稳健的体性质,与傅里叶分量之间的相对延迟相关,为表征量子与经典波系统中的拓扑和结构特性提供了新工具。

ABSTRACT

In this work, we derive some analytical properties of Berry's phase in one-dimensional quantum and classical crystals, also named Zak's phase, when computed with a Fourier basis. We show that Zak's phase can be divided in two terms: a global phase required to make the Bloch wave periodic in the Brillouin zone and an internal phase which measures the relative delay of the different Fourier terms within the Brillouin zone. While the former phase is dependent on the origin of coordinates of the unit cell, the latter is independent of it, so that it can be interpreted as an internal property of the band itself. We show that this internal phase is always zero for a symmetric crystal while it can take any value when this symmetry is broken, showing therefore that it can be interpreted as a measure of the assymetry of the band. Since for a symmetric crystal Zak's phase is entirely determined by the global part, we show that this can be easily calculated by means of the parity of the Fourier terms at the center and edge of the Brillouin zone, being therefore unnecessary the integration of the modes through the unit cell and the entire Brillouin zone. We provide numerical examples analyzing the internal part for both electronic and classical waves (acoustic or photonic). We analyze the weakest electronic potential capable of presenting asymmetry, as well as the double-Dirac delta potential, and in both examples it is found that the internal phase varies continuously as a function of a symmetry-control parameter, but it is zero when the crystal is symmetric. For classical waves, the layered material is analyzed. Although Zak's phase has been mainly studied in connection with the existence of edge states in finite crystals, we consider that the study of the internal phase can be more relevant to understand bulk properties of quantum and classical crystals.

研究动机与目标

  • 将一维晶体中的Zak相位分解为依赖坐标的全局分量与与坐标无关的内部分量。
  • 确立内部相位量化能带不对称性的物理意义,且仅在对称晶体中为零。
  • 提供一种无需对整个布里渊区进行积分即可计算内部相位的方法,仅依赖傅里叶系数的奇偶性。
  • 将分析扩展至经典波系统(声学与光子晶体),采用平面波展开法。
  • 证明内部相位是具有物理意义的体不变量,为能带结构提供超越边界态的洞察。

提出的方法

  • 采用平面波展开(PWE)方法,将布洛赫波函数表示为傅里叶基,从而实现对Zak相位的解析处理。
  • 将Zak相位表示为傅里叶系数之和:$\theta_0 = i\sum_m \int_{-\pi/a}^{\pi/a} u_m(k) \partial_k u_m^*(k) dk$,并分离出全局与内部贡献。
  • 将内部相位识别为在原胞平移下保持不变的Zak相位部分,其来源于傅里叶分量之间相对相位的演化。
  • 将该方法应用于具有单重和双重狄拉克δ势的电子系统,以及具有层状结构的类经典波系统。
  • 通过数值模拟计算在不同对称性破缺参数下的内部相位与贝里连接。
  • 证明在对称点(如$\xi_2 = \xi_1$或$\xi_2 = 0$)处内部相位为零,其余情况下连续变化。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在非对称的一维晶体中,Zak相位是否可分解为依赖坐标的全局部分与与坐标无关的内部部分?
  • RQ2内部相位的物理意义是什么?它与能带不对称性有何关系?
  • RQ3在电子系统与经典波系统中,内部相位在对称性破缺下如何行为?
  • RQ4是否可仅通过傅里叶系数奇偶性信息,无需对整个布里渊区积分,即计算内部相位?
  • RQ5内部相位在多大程度上提供了与边界态无关的体态能带结构表征?

主要发现

  • Zak相位的内部相位在对称晶体中为零,在对称性破缺时非零,因此可直接作为能带不对称性的度量。
  • 内部相位与原胞原点无关,确立其为能带的本征性质。
  • 在对称晶体中,Zak相位完全由全局相位决定,而后者可从布里渊区中心与边界处傅里叶系数的奇偶性计算得出。
  • 在双重狄拉克δ势系统中,内部相位随对称性控制参数$\xi_2$连续变化,在对称构型下趋于零。
  • 对于层状经典波系统(声学/光子学),当原胞不具有反演对称性时,即使可通过平移找到对称原胞,内部相位仍非零。
  • 数值结果表明,内部相位的主要贡献来自贝里连接非零的布里渊区区域,尤其集中在$k=0$附近或布里渊区边界处。

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