Eunhee Lee

Prevalence and importance of polymorphism occurring in pharmaceutical compounds are well recognized. It is of great importance to prepare and select the right form from the beginning during drug discovery and development. This review introduces the basic concepts of “What is polymorphism?”, addresses a fundamental question of “Why do polymorphs form?”, and provides practical guidelines of “How to prepare polymorphs?” “How to evaluate the relative thermodynamic stability between polymorphs?”, and

Gonococci often infect mucosal surfaces bathed in antibacterial fatty acids (FAs). Resistance of gonococci to FAs and other antibacterial hydrophobic agents has been attributed to the mtrCDE-encoded efflux pump system and a heretofore undefined mechanism. This alternative resistance mechanism has been suggested to mediate gonococcal resistance to long-chained FAs independently of the mtr efflux pump. We have now identified this alternative FA resistance system in gonococci and report that it bea

The inhalation of silica particles induces silicosis, an inflammatory and fibrotic lung disease characterized by the early accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in the airspace and subsequent appearance of silicotic nodules as a result of progressive fibrosis. This study evaluated whether apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) protects against ongoing fibrosis and promotes the resolution of established experimental lung silicosis. Crystallized silica was intratracheally administered to 6- to 8-week-old

Using additives is one of more recent and special methods to obtain a desirable polymorph. However, for pharmaceuticals, additives are usually limited to structurally related organic compounds. In this study, we have shown the potential of using a salt additive to induce crystallization of the metastable polymorph V of flufenamic acid (FFA). Additionally, it was found that FFA V undergoes a rapid interface mediated polymorphic transformation. Therefore, the slow evaporation method which can decr

Oleanolic acid has been used only as a subsidiary agent in cosmetic products. The aim of the study is to show the effect of oleanolic acid as an active ingredient for the alleviation of wrinkles in humans and to develop a polymeric micelle formulation that enables poorly soluble oleanolic acid to be used as a main ingredient in cosmetic products for reducing wrinkles. The solubility of oleanolic acid was evaluated in solubilizers, surfactants, and polymers. The particle sizes and shapes of polym

We obtained a new metastable packing polymorph of donepezil, designated as form K, epitaxially grown on substrate crystals of the more stable form F, or solely by increasing the concentration. Although donepezil is a highly flexible molecule, crystal structure analysis reveals that the molecular conformation is the same as in form F. Donepezil does not form hydrogen bonds and has no appreciable electrostatic interactions. Form K crystals can be grown homogeneously, i.e., without seeds, from high

Epitaxy is a form of two-dimensional heterogeneous nucleation in which the substrate induces a particular crystal phase of another compound. Here we describe the epitaxial sublimation behavior of a structurally related compound, mefenamic acid on the (100) faces of flufenamic acid form I and III single crystals. Raman microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and morphology analysis demonstrated that the epitaxial crystals of mefenamic acid were the most stable form. The mefenamic acid crystals show

Three bioremediation methods, natural attenuation (NA), biostimulation (BS) and bioaugmentation (BA) were applied to remediate diesel-contaminated soil, with their remediation efficiencies and soil microbial activities compared both with and without surfactant (Tween 80). BA treatment employing Rhodococcus sp. EH831 was the most effective for the remediation of diesel-contaminated soil at initial remediation stage. On the addition of surfactant, no significant effect on the remediation performan

Abstract Background Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed on extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL) tumor cells. The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and PD-L1 pathway inhibits host antitumor responses; however, little is known about how this pathway functions in ENKL. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 and to determine the clinicopathological impact of PD-1 and PD-L1 positivity in ENKL. Methods We performed PD-1 and PD-L1 immunostaini