Sang-Moo Lee
Seoul National University · Earth and Planetary Sciences
About the Lab
Professor Sang-Moo Lee's research lab specializes in Arctic cryosphere remote sensing, focusing on microwave radiometry and satellite-based retrieval of sea ice and snow properties. The lab develops advanced retrieval algorithms for sea ice thickness, snow depth, and emissivity using passive microwave and radar data from satellites such as AMSR-E, AMSR2, and CryoSat-2. Key research directions include understanding microwave scattering effects in snow and ice, improving emissivity modeling through Fresnel-based approaches, and integrating multi-sensor observations to enhance climate monitoring in the polar regions. The lab emphasizes quantitative remote sensing techniques to support climate science and environmental assessment in the Arctic.
Research Overview
Research Output Trend
Figures are computed from collected data and may differ slightly.
Selected Papers
15Abstract Polarized emissivities of the sea ice over the Arctic were retrieved at Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer–EOS 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, and 36.5 GHz channel frequencies. Results indicate that retrieved emissivities are consistent with other emissivity estimates. However, errors in the retrieved emissivity for multiyear sea ice at 23.8 and 36.5 GHz can be large up to 8% and 20%, respectively, because of ignoring the freeboard ice scattering and the use of the same emission layer as in 6.92
Abstract A new method for retrieving the refractive index, horizontally and vertically polarized emissivities (ε H , ε V ) , and temperature of sea ice has been developed by using the “combined Fresnel equation,” which combines two Fresnel‐polarized reflectivity equations into one. By using low‐frequency 6.9 GHz brightness temperature measurements, the full microwave radiative transfer equation was simplified so that the atmospheric influence on the horizontally and vertically polarized brightne
Abstract Retrieval of snow depth on sea ice from satellite measurements has been challenging especially for multiyear ice. In this study, January‐February‐March monthly averaged snow depth was estimated during the 2003–2020 period from satellite radiometer measurements by combining recently developed retrieval methods for freeboard and snow‐ice thickness ratio. A good agreement between snow depth from this study and that from Operational IceBridge measurements demonstrates that reliable snow dep
Abstract Emissivity retrieval for sea ice from passive microwave measurements has been an important problem in climate/environmental research because of its link to various snow/ice variables. However, so far, it has been a difficult task because of the influences of surface and snow/ice induced volume scatterings. Here we examine the influences of scatterings on the ice emissivity from 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, and 36.5 GHz Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR)‐E brightness temperatures over t
Retrievals of sea ice thickness from passive microwave measurements have been limited to thin ice because microwaves penetrate at most the upper 50 cm of sea ice. To overcome such a limitation, a method of retrieving Arctic basin-scale ice thickness is developed. The physical background of this method is that the scattering optical thickness at microwave frequencies within the freeboard layer is linearly proportional to the physical thickness of the ice freeboard. In this study, we relate the op
Abstract. A method of simultaneously estimating snow depth and sea ice thickness using satellite-based freeboard measurements over the Arctic Ocean during winter was proposed. The ratio of snow depth to ice thickness (referred to as α) was defined and used in constraining the conversion from the freeboard to ice thickness in satellite altimetry without prior knowledge of snow depth. Then α was empirically determined using the ratio of temperature difference of the snow layer to the difference of
The Arctic sea ice region is the most visible area experiencing global warming-induced climate change. However, long-term measurements of climate-related variables have been limited to a small number of variables such as the sea ice concentration, extent, and area. In this study, we attempt to produce a long-term temperature record for the Arctic sea ice region using Special Sensor for Microwave Imager (SSM/I) Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) data. For that, we developed an algorithm to re
Pan-Arctic observations of summer sea ice thickness have been a challenging problem despite their global significance in weather/climate analysis and prediction. To solve this problem, this study developed a method for estimating the pan-Arctic ice draft (depth of sea ice below sea surface level) using spaceborne passive microwave-measured brightness temperatures (TBs). This study found that the time series of TBs is highly correlated with the corresponding time series of ice draft (D)s measured
본 연구는 ‘별시는 예고 없이 실시되기 때문에 지방유생에게 불리하였다’는 기존의 통설이 타당한지 검토하였다. 이러한 통설을 바탕으로 선행연구에서는 비정규 과거시험은 자의적으로 실시가 결정되고, 공지기간도 촉박하였으며, 지방유생을 배제하려고 했다는 주장이 제기되었다. 연구자는 이러한 주장을 검토하기 위하여 『과거등록』의 기사를 중심으로 시험 실시의 결정 과정, 시험의 공지, 조정의 여러 가지 조치 등을 확인하였다. 자료들을 통해 검토한 결과 다음과 같은 사항들을 확인할 수 있었다. 선행연구에서는 비정규시험이 자의적으로 실시되었다고 주장하지만, 시험의 실시 사유와 실시 사유에 따른 시험의 규모는 어느 정도 관례적으로 정해져 있어 유생들이 시험 실시에 대한 예측이 어느 정도 가능했다. 선행연구에서는 시험의 공지기간이 매우 짧았다고 주장하지만, 여러 시험의 예에서 볼 때 시험의 공지는 충분한 시간을 두고 공지했다고 볼 수 있다. 그리고 조정에서는 지방유생들이 시험에 응시하는 데에 불편함이
In this study, a method for estimating two-scale roughness influences on the ocean surface emissivity is developed by solving a simplified two-scale ocean emissivity model equation. In this model, scatterings by small-scale roughness are described by the Kirchhoff approximation. For large-scale roughness, the mean local incidence angle (LIA) is introduced to describe slanted surface slope deviation from flat surface. This study focuses on the ocean state under low/moderate wind conditions in ord
A two-scale ocean surface emissivity model tuned to WindSat and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) polarimetric brightness temperatures for general passive microwave applications is detailed. The model provides a full Stokes vector emissivity calculation at arbitrary microwave frequencies and observation angles for wind speeds of up to 15 m/s. During model development, it was found that the untuned two-scale model generally produced plausible azimuthal behavior in the ocean surface emissivi
Abstract Understanding the microphysical and macrophysical characteristics of global light rain (0.2–2.5 mm/hr) is important for modeling the hydrological cycle and enhancing the cloud‐related parameterization in the numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. To understand the characteristics of light rain systems, this study classified global light rain events using the Global Precipitation Measurement Dual‐frequency Precipitation Radar measurements over the 8–years period. As a result, global l
Abstract The widely used Fast Microwave Ocean Surface Emissivity Model (FASTEM) does not include the interaction between small-scale and large-scale roughness, which seems to induce errors in the ocean surface emissivity estimation. In this study, we attempt to develop a new model that might be included in the FASTEM-like model. In the developed model, the large-scale roughness is expressed as a function of the local incidence angle (LIA) within the context of Fresnel reflection theory, incorpor
본 연구에서는 17세기 증광시에서의 원점법 운영을 살펴보았다. 증광시에서의 원점법은 시험을 공고한 날부터 관시를 실시하는 날까지 남은 기간에 비례하여 기준 원점을 결정하였다. 증광시에서의 원점은 1662년 증광시에서부터 실시하지 않게 되었는데, 가장 큰 이유는 비용의 문제였다. 17세기는 기상 여건이 좋지 않았던 시기였으며, 이에 따라 국가의 여러 행사뿐만 아니라 정상적인 교육활동도 지장을 받던 시기였다. 이러한 기상여건으로 인해 1662년에 증광시에서 관시를 폐지되었으며, 동일한 조치는 1675년 증광시에서도 반복되었다. 그 후 1662년과 1675년 증광시에서의 관시를 폐지한 것은 하나의 전례(前例)가 되어 증광시가 실시될 때마다 같은 조치가 반복되었으며, 결국 그 내용이 법전에 수록됨에 따라 증광시에서 관시는 폐지되었다. 증광시에서의 관시 폐지는 당시 좋지 않은 기상여건과 전례에 따라 별시를 시행하던 당시의 운영방식이 결합되면서 나타난 것이라 할 수 있다. 또한 이러한 조치는
본 연구는 과거제도의 폐지 이후에 시행되었던 관리임용제도 관련 법규의 변천과정을 파악하고, 그 특징을 살펴보았다. 특히 과거제도 이후 공개경쟁시험에 가장 가까웠던 문관전고소시험에 초점을 맞추어 규정과 절차를 살펴보았다. 정부는 시무에 적합한 인재를 추천받기 위해 전통적 교육기관, 신식학교, 각 부와 아문의 견습생 등 다양한 방식으로 인재를 추천받았다. 이러한 변화는 관리임용이 점차 학교체제와 결합되어가고 있음을 보여주고 있다. 또한 각종 조치들을 통해서 관립학교와 사립학교 졸업자들을 점차 우대하기 시작하였는데, 신식 학교의 교육을 진흥함과 동시에 시무에 맞는 인재를 관리로 임용하기 위한 방법이었다. 그리고 이 시기에 들어와서 관리임용시험이 분화되어 직군에 따라 시험을 따로 보았다. 과거제도 폐지이후 과거제도와 가장 유사한 공개경쟁시험 방식의 문관전고소시험은 1905년부터 1910년까지 5년간 정기시험 1회와 임시시험 16회 등 모두 17회에 걸쳐서 실시하였다. 과거제도에서 문관전고소
Research Areas
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