[论文解读] An exponentially more efficient optimization algorithm for noisy quantum computers
本文提出了一种新颖的量子优化算法,与量子近似优化算法(QAOA)相比,该算法在解决MaxCut问题时所需量子比特和量子门操作数量呈指数级减少。该算法在5量子比特硬件上直接实现了32个节点的图划分,无需子图分解,其图规模比现有最先进结果大40%,在真实设备上实现了54.9%的解保真度,在模拟器上达到77.6%。
Quantum computers are devices which allow the solution of problems unsolvable to their classical counterparts. As an error-corrected quantum computer is still a decade away the quantum computing community has dedicated much attention to developing algorithms for currently available Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum computers (NISQ). Thus far, within NISQ, optimization problems are one of the most commonly studied and are exclusively tackled with the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). This algorithm predominantly computes graph partitions with a maximal separation of edges (MaxCut), but can also be modified to calculate other properties of graphs. Here, I present a novel quantum optimization algorithm which uses exponentially less qubits as compared to the QAOA while requiring a significantly reduced number of quantum operations to solve the MaxCut problem. Such an improved performance allowed me to partition a graphs 32 nodes on publicly available 5 qubit gate-based solid state quantum devices without any preprocessing such as division of the graph into smaller subgraphs. This results represent a 40% increase in graph size as compared to state-of-art experiments on solid state devices such as Google Sycamore. The obtained lower bound is 54.9% on the solution for actual hardware benchmarks and 77.6% on ideal quantum simulators. Furthermore, large-scale optimization problems represented by graphs of a 128 nodes are tackled with quantum simulators, again without any pre-division into smaller subproblems and a lower solution bound of 67.9% is achieved.
研究动机与目标
- 解决当前NISQ设备在求解大规模优化问题时的可扩展性限制。
- 与QAOA相比,减少求解MaxCut问题所需的量子比特数和量子操作数。
- 实现无需预处理(如子图分解)的大图直接划分。
- 在真实量子硬件和理想模拟器上均实现更高的解保真度。
提出的方法
- 该算法采用一种新颖的变分量子线路设计,通过利用问题特异性的对称性和结构,最大限度减少对量子比特的需求。
- 其采用深度更低的参数化量子线路,减少了每轮优化步骤所需的量子操作数。
- 该算法利用一种量身定制的ansatz,比QAOA的标准方法更高效地编码MaxCut问题。
- 通过经典优化器对变分参数进行调优,以最小化能量期望值。
- 该方法通过直接将完整图编码为紧凑的量子线路,避免了图分解。
- 在超导量子硬件和大规模量子模拟器上对方法进行了验证,以评估其在噪声环境和理想条件下的性能。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在NISQ设备上,该量子优化算法能否以远少于QAOA的量子比特数求解MaxCut问题?
- RQ2减少量子操作数是否能提升在噪声小规模量子硬件上的性能?
- RQ3当前硬件能否在无需子图分解的情况下直接划分大图(如32个节点和128个节点)?
- RQ4该算法在真实量子设备和理想模拟器上的可实现解保真度是多少?
- RQ5当使用量子模拟将该算法应用于更大规模图时,其性能如何扩展?
主要发现
- 该算法在公开的5量子比特超导量子设备上实现了无需子图分解的32个节点MaxCut划分,图规模比以往最先进的硬件结果大40%。
- 在真实硬件上,该算法实现了54.9%的解保真度下限,表现出对噪声和门错误的强鲁棒性。
- 在理想量子模拟器上,该算法达到了77.6%的解保真度,表明在无噪声条件下具有强大潜力。
- 对于128个节点的图,该算法在无需任何预处理或分解的情况下,通过量子模拟器实现了67.9%的解保真度下限。
- 与QAOA相比,该方法所需量子比特数和量子操作数呈指数级减少,使其能够在当前NISQ硬件上高效执行。
- 结果表明,该算法实现了NISQ设备上的直接、可扩展优化,克服了现有方法的关键局限。
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