[论文解读] Assembly Theory Explains and Quantifies the Emergence of Selection and Evolution
本文提出装配理论(Assembly Theory, AT)作为一种框架,通过测量从基本组分构建某一对象所需的最少步骤数(装配指数 a)来量化物理系统中选择与演化的出现。通过将该指数与拷贝数结合以定义‘装配’(Assembly),该理论量化了选择压力,并识别出从无定向探索到定向演化过程的正式转变,为生命提供了可度量的标准,并解释了在受定律支配的宇宙中复杂性的出现。
Since the time of Darwin, scientists have struggled to reconcile the evolution of biological forms in a universe determined by fixed laws. These laws underpin the origin of life, evolution, human culture and technology, as set by the boundary conditions of the universe, however these laws cannot predict the emergence of these things. By contrast evolutionary theory works in the opposite direction, indicating how selection can explain why some things exist and not others. To understand how open-ended forms can emerge in a forward-process from physics that does not include their design, a new approach to understand the non-biological to biological transition is necessary. Herein, we present a new theory, Assembly Theory (AT), which explains and quantifies the emergence of selection and evolution. In AT, the complexity of an individual observable object is measured by its Assembly Index (a), defined as the minimal number of steps needed to construct the object from basic building blocks. Combining a with the copy number defines a new quantity called Assembly which quantifies the amount of selection required to produce a given ensemble of objects. We investigate the internal structure and properties of assembly space and quantify the dynamics of undirected exploratory processes as compared to the directed processes that emerge from selection. The implementation of assembly theory allows the emergence of selection in physical systems to be quantified at any scale as the transition from undirected-discovery dynamics to a selected process within the assembly space. This yields a mechanism for the onset of selection and evolution and a formal approach to defining life. Because the assembly of an object is easily calculable and measurable it is possible to quantify a lower limit on the amount of selection and memory required to produce complexity uniquely linked to biology in the universe.
研究动机与目标
- 解决一个长期存在的难题:即在没有预先存在的设计的前提下,复杂且被选择的系统(如生命)如何从固定的物理定律中出现。
- 开发一个正式框架,以量化物理系统中选择与演化动力学的出现。
- 提供一个可度量的、基于物理的准则,用以区分非生命系统与生命或演化系统。
- 形式化描述装配空间中从无定向、探索性过程向定向、选择驱动过程的转变。
- 建立产生复杂且具有生物学相关性的结构所必需的选择与记忆的下限。
提出的方法
- 将装配指数(a)定义为从基本构建模块构造某一对象所需的最少步骤数。
- 引入‘装配’(Assembly)的概念,即装配指数(a)与该对象拷贝数的乘积。
- 将物理系统映射到‘装配空间’,以分析无定向发现与定向选择的动力学。
- 使用计算建模比较装配空间中无定向探索过程与受选择驱动的过程。
- 将该理论应用于追踪从原始化学到人造技术等系统中复杂性与选择的出现。
- 基于装配空间中从随机探索到非随机、累积性选择的转变,推导出选择开始的正式准则。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在受固定定律支配的物理系统中,如何正式量化选择与演化过程?
- RQ2在装配空间中,何种可度量属性可区分无定向探索过程与定向选择驱动过程?
- RQ3能否定义一个通用度量,以量化产生复杂且具有生物学相关性的结构所需的选择与记忆量?
- RQ4在装配空间的哪个位置,从随机发现到累积性选择的转变发生?
- RQ5装配指数与拷贝数的结合如何提供演化出现的形式化定义?
主要发现
- 装配指数(a)为任何可观测对象的复杂性提供了一个可度量的、基于物理的度量标准,定义为从基本组分构建该对象所需的最少步骤数。
- 装配指数与拷贝数的乘积——即‘装配’(Assembly)——量化了产生某一对象或集合所必需的累积选择压力。
- 该理论在装配空间中识别出一个正式的转变点,即无定向探索让位于定向、选择驱动的过程,标志着演化的开始。
- 该框架可量化产生复杂且具有生物学相关性的结构所必需的选择与记忆的下限,且独立于生物学背景。
- 装配理论基于其选择历史,为区分非生命与生命或演化系统提供了形式化且可度量的准则。
- 该模型成功解释了从原始化学到人类制造技术等系统中复杂性的出现,所有均在统一的物理框架内。
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