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[论文解读] Asymptotically Optimal Control of a Centralized Dynamic Matching Market with General Utilities

José Blanchet, Martin I. Reiman|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 8, 2020
Economic Policies and Impacts被引用 4
一句话总结

本文研究了一个集中式动态匹配市场,其中买家和卖家以泊松过程到达,且在指数分布的等待时间后离开,通过基于阈值的策略优化长期平均效用。在轻尾匹配效用下,证明了阈值为 $ n / \ln n $ 的群体阈值策略渐近最优;在重尾效用下,刻画了最优阈值,并表明随着尾部变重,效用阈值策略优于群体阈值策略。

ABSTRACT

We consider a matching market where buyers and sellers arrive according to independent Poisson processes at the same rate and independently abandon the market if not matched after an exponential amount of time with the same mean. In this centralized market, the utility for the system manager from matching any buyer and any seller is a general random variable. We consider a sequence of systems indexed by $n$ where the arrivals in the $n^{\\mathrm{th}}$ system are sped up by a factor of $n$. We analyze two families of one-parameter policies: the population threshold policy immediately matches an arriving agent to its best available mate only if the number of mates in the system is above a threshold, and the utility threshold policy matches an arriving agent to its best available mate only if the corresponding utility is above a threshold. Using a fluid analysis of the two-dimensional Markov process of buyers and sellers, we show that when the matching utility distribution is light-tailed, the population threshold policy with threshold $\\frac{n}{\\ln n}$ is asymptotically optimal among all policies that make matches only at agent arrival epochs. In the heavy-tailed case, we characterize the optimal threshold level for both policies. We also study the utility threshold policy in an unbalanced matching market with heavy-tailed matching utilities and find that the buyers and sellers have the same asymptotically optimal utility threshold. We derive optimal thresholds when the matching utility distribution is exponential, uniform, Pareto, and correlated Pareto. We find that as the right tail of the matching utility distribution gets heavier, the threshold level of each policy (and hence market thickness) increases, as does the magnitude by which the utility threshold policy outperforms the population threshold policy.

研究动机与目标

  • 设计并分析在具有广义随机效用的集中式动态市场中渐近最优的匹配策略。
  • 解决大规模匹配系统中市场厚度与个体退出之间的权衡问题。
  • 刻画在轻尾与重尾效用分布下,群体阈值策略与效用阈值策略的最优阈值。
  • 建立在轻尾效用下,阈值为 $ n / \ln n $ 的群体阈值策略在仅基于到达时间的匹配策略中渐近最优。
  • 比较效用阈值策略与群体阈值策略的性能,表明随着效用尾部变重,效用阈值策略的相对性能提升。

提出的方法

  • 通过将系统按 $ n $ 缩放,将到达率加快 $ n $ 倍,以分析渐近行为。
  • 对跟踪买家和卖家数量的二维马尔可夫过程应用流体分析。
  • 利用极值理论建模大规模池中最大匹配效用的渐近分布。
  • 使用正规变型函数刻画效用分布的尾部行为,并推导阈值的缩放方式。
  • 推导可实现效用速率的上界,并与特定策略的速率进行比较。
  • 分析了群体阈值策略(仅当系统规模超过阈值时才匹配)和效用阈值策略(仅当效用超过阈值时才匹配)两种策略。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1当匹配效用分布为轻尾时,群体阈值策略的渐近最优阈值水平是多少?
  • RQ2在重尾效用分布下,最优阈值水平如何随系统规模 $ n $ 变化?
  • RQ3随着效用尾部变重,效用阈值策略是否优于群体阈值策略,若是,优势有多大?
  • RQ4在流体极限下,排队动态与极值效用行为的解耦是否可严格证明?
  • RQ5在重尾效用的非对称市场中,买方与卖方的最优阈值是否对称?

主要发现

  • 对于轻尾匹配效用分布,仅在个体到达时刻匹配的策略中,阈值为 $ n / \ln n $ 的群体阈值策略渐近最优。
  • 在重尾效用下,本文刻画了群体阈值策略与效用阈值策略的最优阈值水平。
  • 效用阈值策略始终优于群体阈值策略,且随着效用分布右尾变重,性能差距扩大。
  • 对于 Gumbel 吸引域(如指数分布、正态分布),期望最大效用的尺度为 $ b_n + a_n \mu $,其中 $ b_n $ 为慢变函数,$ \mu $ 为欧拉常数或伽马函数值。
  • 对于 Fréchet 吸引域(如帕累托分布),最优阈值与 $ \bar{F}^{-1}(1/n) $ 成比例,且效用阈值策略的优势随尾部变重而增强。
  • 在重尾效用的非对称市场中,买方与卖方共享相同的渐近最优效用阈值,表明最优行为具有对称性。

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