[论文解读] Bounds in continuous instrumental variable models
本文提出了一种计算高效的算法,用于在连续工具变量模型中估计反事实分布泛函的界,采用一种新颖的路径采样方法来求解无限维优化问题。该方法在最小假设下提供信息丰富的非参数界,在单调性假设下可获得更紧的界,统一框架下揭示了此类假设的识别强度。
Partial identification approaches have seen a sharp increase in interest in econometrics due to improved flexibility and robustness compared to point-identification approaches. However, formidable computational requirements of existing approaches often offset these undeniable advantages---particularly in general instrumental variable models with continuous variables. This article introduces a computationally tractable method for estimating bounds on functionals of counterfactual distributions in continuous instrumental variable models. Its potential applications include randomized trials with imperfect compliance, the evaluation of social programs and, more generally, simultaneous equations models. The method does not require functional form restrictions a priori, but can incorporate parametric or nonparametric assumptions into the estimation process. It proceeds by solving an infinite dimensional program on the paths of a system of counterfactual stochastic processes in order to obtain the counterfactual bounds. A novel sampling of paths- approach provides the practical solution concept and probabilistic approximation guarantees. As a demonstration of its capabilities, the method provides informative nonparametric bounds on household expenditures under the sole assumption that expenditure is continuous, showing that partial identification approaches can yield informative bounds under minimal assumptions. Moreover, it shows that additional monotonicity assumptions lead to considerably tighter bounds, which constitutes a novel assessment of the identificatory strength of such nonparametric assumptions in a unified framework.
研究动机与目标
- 解决现有连续工具变量模型中部分识别方法计算成本过高的问题。
- 开发一种可行的方法,用于估计反事实分布泛函的界,而无需事先指定函数形式约束。
- 在统一的非参数框架下评估单调性假设的识别能力。
- 为程序评估和联立方程模型等应用提供实用且具有概率依据的界。
- 证明在仅假设结果变量连续的最小正则性条件下,仍可获得信息丰富的界。
提出的方法
- 该方法将界估计表述为对反事实随机过程路径的无限维优化问题。
- 采用一种新颖的路径采样方法,近似求解该无限维规划问题。
- 采样方案提供概率近似保证,确保以高概率收敛至真实界。
- 该框架允许在估计过程中引入参数或非参数假设,增强灵活性。
- 利用连续工具变量和连续结果变量的结构,推导界时无需强函数形式约束。
- 该方法设计为可扩展且实用,克服了先前方法在连续设定下的计算负担。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1如何以极低计算成本计算连续工具变量模型中反事实泛函的信息界?
- RQ2单调性假设在非参数连续IV模型中的识别能力如何?
- RQ3能否在无限维界估计问题中实现可靠的概率近似保证?
- RQ4在仅对结果变量假设连续性时,非参数界在多大程度上具有信息量?
- RQ5与现有连续设定下的部分识别技术相比,所提方法在效率和准确性方面表现如何?
主要发现
- 该方法仅在支出变量连续的假设下,即能对家庭支出提供信息丰富的非参数界,证明了在最小正则性条件下的可行性。
- 单调性假设显著收紧了界,揭示了其在无参数限制下强大的识别能力。
- 路径采样方法提供概率近似保证,确保可靠收敛至真实界。
- 该框架支持在一般连续工具变量模型中的实际估计,包括联立方程模型和程序评估应用。
- 该方法在计算可处理性方面优于现有方法,同时保持了鲁棒性和灵活性。
- 结果表明,即使在缺乏强函数形式假设的情况下,部分识别仍可实现有意义的推断。
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