[论文解读] Can everything be computed? - On the Solvability Complexity Index and Towers of Algorithms.
本文引入可解性复杂度指数(SCI)以对计算基本数学问题所需的极限数量进行分类,揭示了某些问题——如无限矩阵的谱计算——最多需要三个极限,从而在计算数学中确立了新的理论障碍,并拓展了经典可计算性理论。
ABSTRACT. This paper addresses and establishes some of the fundamental barriers in the theory of computation and finally settles the long standing computational spectral problem. Due to the barriers presented in this paper, there are many problems, some of them at the heart of computa-tional theory, that do not fit into the classical frameworks of theory of computation. Hence, we are in need for a new extended theory capable of handling these new issues. Many computational problems can be solved as follows: a sequence of approximations is created by an algorithm, and the solution to the problem is the limit of this sequence (think about computing eigenvalues of a matrix for example). However, as we demonstrate, for several basic problems in computations (computing spectra of infinite dimensional operators, solutions to linear equations or roots of polynomials using rational maps) such a procedure based on one limit is impossible. Yet, one can compute solutions to these problems, but only by using several limits. This may come as a surprise, however, this touches onto the definite boundaries of computational mathematics. To analyze this phenomenon we use the Solvability Complexity Index (SCI). The SCI is the smallest number of limits needed in order to com-pute a desired quantity. In several cases (spectral problems, inverse problems) we provide sharp results on the SCI, thus we establish the barriers for what can be achieved computationally. For example, we show that the SCI of spectra and essential spectra of infinite matrices is equal to three, and that the SCI of spectra of self-adjoint
研究动机与目标
- 识别并形式化阻止某些问题通过经典单极限算法求解的根本计算障碍。
- 基于可解性复杂度指数(SCI)开发一种新的理论框架,以对计算数学问题解所需的极限数量进行分类。
- 通过确定无限矩阵和自伴算子等关键问题的精确SCI,解决计算谱论中长期存在的问题。
- 证明计算数学中的许多基本问题无法通过单个极限求解,因而需要涉及多个极限的算法层级。
提出的方法
- 将可解性复杂度指数(SCI)定义为计算给定数学量所需的最小极限数量。
- 将SCI框架应用于分析无限维算子谱的可计算性,包括自伴算子和一般无限矩阵。
- 运用逻辑与分析技术,证明无限矩阵谱的SCI恰好为三,确立了严格界限。
- 证明无限矩阵本质谱的SCI亦为三,表明存在相同的复杂性障碍。
- 分析通过有理映射求解线性方程和多项式根的可计算性,表明此类问题同样需要多个极限。
- 证明尽管解存在,但无法通过单一逼近序列达到,必须依赖包含多个极限过程的算法塔。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1计算无限矩阵谱所需的最小极限数量是多少?该数值能否被精确确定?
- RQ2经典单极限算法能否解决计算谱论中的所有基本问题,还是存在固有障碍?
- RQ3无限矩阵本质谱的可解性复杂度指数(SCI)是多少?其与标准谱的SCI相比如何?
- RQ4通过有理映射计算多项式根或求解无限维线性系统等问题,在多大程度上需要多个极限过程?
- RQ5SCI框架能否用于对反问题及其他数学物理核心问题的计算复杂度进行分类?
主要发现
- 无限矩阵谱的可解性复杂度指数(SCI)恰好为三,意味着三个极限既必要也充分以计算该谱。
- 无限矩阵本质谱的SCI亦为三,表明存在类似的 fundamental 计算障碍。
- 自伴无限矩阵谱的SCI为三,确立了所需极限数量的严格上界。
- 存在根本性的计算问题(如无限算子谱的计算)无法通过单个极限求解,从而否定了经典算法假设。
- 本文证明,基于单个极限的任何算法均无法计算某些无限维算子的谱,因此必须采用逼近算法的层级结构。
- 研究结果表明,经典计算框架对于分析与数学物理中的许多核心问题均不充分,必须建立基于算法塔的扩展理论。
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