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[论文解读] Deep Learning Based Energy Disaggregation and On/Off Detection of Household Appliances

Jie Jiang, Qiuqiang Kong|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 3, 2019
Smart Grid Energy Management参考文献 31被引用 12
一句话总结

本文提出使用基于WaveNet的深度学习模型进行家庭用电分解与电器通断检测,其在准确率和计算效率方面均优于卷积神经网络(CNN)和循环神经网络(RNN)。结果表明,直接训练二分类器进行通断检测优于事后处理回归预测,所有在20个英国家庭两年真实数据集上测试的电器均取得更高的F1分数。

ABSTRACT

Energy disaggregation, a.k.a. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring, aims to separate the energy consumption of individual appliances from the readings of a mains power meter measuring the total energy consumption of, e.g. a whole house. Energy consumption of individual appliances can be useful in many applications, e.g., providing appliance-level feedback to the end users to help them understand their energy consumption and ultimately save energy. Recently, with the availability of large-scale energy consumption datasets, various neural network models such as convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks have been investigated to solve the energy disaggregation problem. Neural network models can learn complex patterns from large amounts of data and have been shown to outperform the traditional machine learning methods such as variants of hidden Markov models. However, current neural network methods for energy disaggregation are either computational expensive or are not capable of handling long-term dependencies. In this paper, we investigate the application of the recently developed WaveNet models for the task of energy disaggregation. Based on a real-world energy dataset collected from 20 households over two years, we show that WaveNet models outperforms the state-of-the-art deep learning methods proposed in the literature for energy disaggregation in terms of both error measures and computational cost. On the basis of energy disaggregation, we then investigate the performance of two deep-learning based frameworks for the task of on/off detection which aims at estimating whether an appliance is in operation or not. Based on the same dataset, we show that for the task of on/off detection the second framework, i.e., directly training a binary classifier, achieves better performance in terms of F1 score.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过使用能够处理家庭用电消耗数据长期依赖性的深度学习模型,提升用电分解性能。
  • 评估具有空洞卷积和跳跃连接的WaveNet架构在建模用电分解任务中长序列方面的有效性。
  • 比较两种用于电器通断检测的学习框架:一种基于对回归输出进行二值化,另一种基于直接训练二分类器。
  • 确定直接分类训练是否在F1分数方面优于基于回归的通断检测方法。
  • 提供实证证据,说明感受野大小如何影响不同电器上的模型性能。

提出的方法

  • 采用WaveNet,一种具有跳跃连接的空洞卷积神经网络,以建模综合家庭用电信号中的长期时间依赖性。
  • 采用序列到单点的学习范式进行模型训练,即网络基于长输入序列预测某一时间步的用电量。
  • 将感受野大小作为超参数,控制上下文长度,取值范围为15至2047,以评估其对性能的影响。
  • 实施两种不同的通断检测学习框架:(1) 对基于回归的WaveNet模型的预测结果进行二值化;(2) 直接在二值化的电器状态上训练二分类器。
  • 使用Adam优化器,固定学习率为0.001,以最小化回归任务的平均绝对误差(MAE)和分类任务的二元交叉熵损失。
  • 在分类框架中使用0.3的概率阈值确定通断状态,以确保各模型间评估的一致性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1基于WaveNet的模型是否在准确率和计算效率方面均优于现有的CNN和RNN模型?
  • RQ2WaveNet模型的感受野大小如何影响其在不同电器上的用电分解性能?
  • RQ3直接训练二分类器进行通断检测是否优于从基于回归的用电预测中推导通断状态?
  • RQ4随着感受野大小的增加,两种通断检测框架之间的性能差异如何变化?
  • RQ5电器用电消耗模式中的长期依赖性在多大程度上影响深度学习模型在分解任务中的有效性?

主要发现

  • WaveNet模型在UK-DALE数据集上的平均绝对误差(MAE)低于最先进的CNN和RNN模型,表明其在用电分解任务中表现更优。
  • 更长的目标感受野(即更大的感受野)在所有电器上均一致地降低MAE,最佳性能出现在感受野大小为2047时。
  • 对于所有四种电器——水壶、洗碗机、微波炉和洗衣机,基于分类的学习框架在所有感受野大小下均取得高于基于回归框架的F1分数。
  • 对于水壶和洗碗机,随着感受野增大,两种框架的性能差距缩小,但分类框架始终更优。
  • 在感受野大小为2047时,分类框架的F1分数最高达到0.89(微波炉)和0.86(洗衣机)。
  • 结果表明,直接进行二分类训练比事后处理回归输出在家庭用电监测的通断检测任务中更具有效性。

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