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[论文解读] Divide and Conquer for Combinatorial Optimization and Distributed Quantum Computation

Teague Tomesh, Zain H. Saleem|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 15, 2021
Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture被引用 10
一句话总结

本文提出量子分治算法(QDCA),一种混合变分方法,通过图划分与量子线路切割,将大规模组合优化问题映射到分布式量子架构上。通过协同设计变分试探态以限制通信开销,QDCA使小型量子计算机能够解决比其单个量子比特数量大85%的问题,在仿真中优于经典算法,并在真实硬件上展示了噪声抑制效果。

ABSTRACT

Scaling the size of monolithic quantum computer systems is a difficult task. As the number of qubits within a device increases, a number of factors contribute to decreases in yield and performance. To meet this challenge, distributed architectures composed of many networked quantum computers have been proposed as a viable path to scalability. Such systems will need algorithms and compilers that are tailored to their distributed architectures. In this work we introduce the Quantum Divide and Conquer Algorithm (QDCA), a hybrid variational approach to mapping large combinatorial optimization problems onto distributed quantum architectures. This is achieved through the combined use of graph partitioning and quantum circuit cutting. The QDCA, an example of application-compiler co-design, alters the structure of the variational ansatz to tame the exponential compilation overhead incurred by quantum circuit cutting. The result of this cross-layer co-design is a highly flexible algorithm which can be tuned to the amount of classical or quantum computational resources that are available, and can be applied to both near- and long-term distributed quantum architectures. We simulate the QDCA on instances of the Maximum Independent Set problem and find that it is able to outperform similar classical algorithms. We also evaluate an 8-qubit QDCA ansatz on a superconducting quantum computer and show that circuit cutting can help to mitigate the effects of noise. Our work demonstrates how many small-scale quantum computers can work together to solve problems $85\%$ larger than their own qubit count, motivating the development and potential of large-scale distributed quantum computing.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决由于量子比特相干性、门保真度和规模化时良品率下降导致的单体量子计算机可扩展性限制。
  • 在通信开销最小化的前提下,实现在分布式量子架构上求解大规模组合优化问题。
  • 开发一种协同设计框架,平衡混合量子-经典算法中的量子与经典资源。
  • 证明分布式量子计算可超越经典算法,并在NISQ时代设备中实现噪声抑制。

提出的方法

  • QDCA将大型目标图划分为更小的子图,以支持分布式执行。
  • 构建一个变分试探态,最多包含 m_cuts 个子图间的纠缠门,以实现子问题间受控的信息流动。
  • 在近期采用量子线路切割技术,通过经典后处理模拟非局域门,降低硬件资源需求。
  • 算法使用迭代变分优化来改进试探态并提升解的质量。
  • 该方法具有可调性,可根据可用资源在经典计算与量子通信之间实现权衡。
  • 该框架可适配未来基于量子 teleportation 的长期分布式架构。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在连通性受限的分布式量子架构上,分治策略能否有效应用于组合优化?
  • RQ2如何将量子线路切割集成到变分算法中,以最小化经典后处理开销,同时保持解的质量?
  • RQ3小型量子处理器在通过分布式执行与试探态协同设计下,能在多大程度上解决更大规模的问题?
  • RQ4QDCA 与经典分治法及 Boppana-Halldórsson 等启发式算法相比,在求解最大独立集问题时表现如何?
  • RQ5在近期 NISQ 设备中,量子线路切割能否提供噪声抑制优势?

主要发现

  • 在最大独立集问题的仿真实例中,QDCA 在性能上优于 Boppana-Halldórsson 启发式算法和经典分治算法。
  • 该算法使小型量子处理器能够解决比其单个量子比特数量大85%的问题实例。
  • 在超导量子处理器上,线路切割降低了有效噪声影响,展示了在 NISQ 时代实际的噪声抑制效果。
  • QDCA 的可调设计使其能够适应不同水平的量子与经典资源可用性。
  • 应用-编译器协同设计方法成功缓解了量子线路切割通常伴随的指数级编译开销。
  • 该框架可扩展至未来基于量子 teleportation 的大规模量子网络,同时保持线性通信成本。

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