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[论文解读] Giant segregation transition as origin of liquid metal embrittlement in the Fe-Zn system

Reza Darvishi Kamachali, Theophilus Wallis|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 26, 2023
Corrosion Behavior and InhibitionMaterials Science参考文献 29被引用 3
一句话总结

本研究揭示了在Fe-Zn体系中,Fe晶界(GBs)处存在一种巨大的Zn偏析转变,其驱动力为磁性不相容间隙与Zn低键合能,导致在低温下Zn偏析显著增加(最高达60 at.%)。通过结合CALPHAD的密度基建模与HAADF-STEM验证,研究证明该转变会削弱晶界并促进液相形成,从而阐明了液态金属脆化(LME)的起源,并为预防性合金与工艺设计策略提供了依据。

ABSTRACT

A giant Zn segregation transition is revealed using CALPHAD-integrated density-based modelling of segregation into Fe grain boundaries (GBs). The results show that above a threshold of only a few atomic percent Zn in the alloy, a substantial amount of up to 60 at.\% Zn can segregate to the GB. We found that the amount of segregation abruptly increases with decreasing temperature, while the Zn content in the alloy required for triggering the segregation transition decreases. Direct evidence of the Zn segregation transition is obtained using high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. Base on the model, we trace the origin of the segregation transition back to the low cohesive energy of Zn and a miscibility gap in Fe-Zn GB, arising from the magnetic ordering effect, which is confirmed by ab-initio calculations. We also show that the massive Zn segregation resulting from the segregation transition greatly assists with liquid wetting and reduces the work of separation along the GB. The current predictions suggest that control over Zn segregation, by both alloy design and optimizing the galvanization and welding processes, may offer preventive strategies against liquid metal embrittlement.

研究动机与目标

  • 识别Zn镀层钢中液态金属脆化(LME)的潜在机制,该问题仍是汽车制造中的主要失效风险。
  • 研究Zn在Fe晶界(GBs)处的偏析是否先于并促进LME,作为润湿、析出或裂纹形核的前驱体。
  • 确定Fe晶界处大规模Zn偏析的热力学与原子尺度起源,特别是其对温度与合金成分的依赖性。
  • 评估Zn偏析对晶界内聚力与液相形成的影响,将其与LME敏感性关联。
  • 通过抑制偏析转变,开发用于预防LME的预测性框架,以实现合金与工艺设计。

提出的方法

  • 采用集成CALPHAD的密度基吉布斯自由能形式化方法,建模晶界热力学,结合TCFE11数据库中的体相性质。
  • 使用公式 $ G(T,\rho,X_{Zn}) = X_{Fe}G_{Fe}(T,\rho) + X_{Zn}G_{Zn}(T,\rho) + \rho^{2}\triangle H^{B}(T,X_{Zn}) - T\triangle S^{B}(T,X_{Zn}) $ 描述晶界自由能随密度 $\rho$、温度 $T$ 与Zn组分的变化关系。
  • 通过计算不同温度下的相分离间隙与偏析等温线,绘制晶界相图,识别出Zn偏析的急剧转变。
  • 利用高分辨HAADF-STEM对预测结果进行验证,观察到Zn富集的界面区域,证实晶界处发生相分离。
  • 通过DFT计算,量化$\Sigma$5晶界在有无磁性有序状态下,Zn覆盖度变化时的分离功。
  • 评估在偏析前后状态中,晶界处液相形成的热力学势垒 $\Delta G = G^L - G^{GB} $,进行对比分析。
Figure 1: Grain boundary (GB) phase diagram. (a) The GB miscibility gap (circles) computed utilizing the CALPHAD-integrated density-based method. Thermo-Calc TCFE11 database was used. The miscibility gap of the parent $\alpha$ (BCC) bulk phase is shown for comparison in the background. The superscri
Figure 1: Grain boundary (GB) phase diagram. (a) The GB miscibility gap (circles) computed utilizing the CALPHAD-integrated density-based method. Thermo-Calc TCFE11 database was used. The miscibility gap of the parent $\alpha$ (BCC) bulk phase is shown for comparison in the background. The superscri

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1是什么驱动了Fe晶界处Zn偏析的急剧增加?其与温度和合金成分的关系如何?
  • RQ2Fe中的磁性有序如何影响Fe-Zn晶界处不相容间隙的形成?
  • RQ3Zn偏析在多大程度上削弱晶界?其对分离功与裂纹形核的影响如何?
  • RQ4该偏析转变是否能显著降低晶界处液相形成的自由能势垒,从而促进液态金属脆化?
  • RQ5能否通过合金设计或工艺优化抑制该偏析转变,以防止Zn镀层钢中的LME?

主要发现

  • 在Fe晶界处发生巨大的Zn偏析转变,Zn在晶界中的浓度在温度低于约623 K时从低值急剧上升至最高60 at.%。
  • 该转变由晶界处的磁性不相容间隙触发,经从头算计算证实,其驱动力为Zn的低键合能。
  • 为触发偏析,所需体相合金中Zn含量随温度降低而减少,凸显了冷却阶段在工艺中的关键作用。
  • 在50% Zn覆盖度下,Zn偏析使晶界分离功降低近50%,显著削弱界面并促进裂纹形核。
  • 该偏析转变极大降低了晶界处液相形成的自由能势垒 $\Delta G$,促进界面润湿与LME的发生。
  • 实验HAADF-STEM成像证实了Zn富集界面区域的形成,为偏析诱导的相分离提供了直接证据。
Figure 2: GB energy from DFT calculations. The energy of a $\Sigma$ 5 [100](013) GB is computed for various levels of Zn coverage (C: coverage), with and without the magnetic ordering effect. The black curves connect the GB energies for the end-members with no and full coverage. In the paramagnetic
Figure 2: GB energy from DFT calculations. The energy of a $\Sigma$ 5 [100](013) GB is computed for various levels of Zn coverage (C: coverage), with and without the magnetic ordering effect. The black curves connect the GB energies for the end-members with no and full coverage. In the paramagnetic

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