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[论文解读] Inference for Individual Mediation Effects and Interventional Effects in Sparse High-Dimensional Causal Graphical Models

Abhishek Chakrabortty, Preetam Nandy|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 27, 2018
Advanced Causal Inference Techniques参考文献 46被引用 9
一句话总结

本文提出MIDA,一种新型的IDA型方法,用于在具有相互依赖中介变量的高维稀疏因果图模型中估计个体中介效应和干预效应。该研究首次在高维渐近条件下建立了IDA型估计器的分布收敛结果,通过在不同协变量子集上对高维回归估计器施加统一界,实现了有效的推断。

ABSTRACT

We consider the problem of identifying intermediate variables (or mediators) that regulate the effect of a treatment on a response variable. While there has been significant research on this classical topic, little work has been done when the set of potential mediators is high-dimensional (HD). A further complication arises when these mediators are interrelated (with unknown dependencies). In particular, we assume that the causal structure of the treatment, the confounders, the potential mediators and the response is a (possibly unknown) directed acyclic graph (DAG). HD DAG models have previously been used for the estimation of causal effects from observational data. In particular, methods called IDA and joint-IDA have been developed for estimating the effects of single and multiple simultaneous interventions, respectively. In this paper, we propose an IDA-type method called MIDA for estimating so-called individual mediation effects from HD observational data. Although IDA and joint-IDA estimators have been shown to be consistent in certain sparse HD settings, their asymptotic properties such as convergence in distribution and inferential tools in such settings have remained unknown. In this paper, we prove HD consistency of MIDA for linear structural equation models with sub-Gaussian errors. More importantly, we derive distributional convergence results for MIDA in similar HD settings, which are applicable to IDA and joint-IDA estimators as well. To our knowledge, these are the first such distributional convergence results facilitating inference for IDA-type estimators. These are built on our novel theoretical results regarding uniform bounds for linear regression estimators over varying subsets of HD covariates which may be of independent interest. Finally, we empirically validate our asymptotic theory for MIDA and demonstrate its usefulness via simulations and a real data application.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决在高维、中介变量相互依赖设置下,缺乏对个体中介效应的推断工具的问题。
  • 将IDA框架扩展至处理个体中介效应,同时考虑中介变量之间的复杂依赖关系。
  • 在高维稀疏线性结构方程模型中,首次建立IDA型估计器的分布收敛结果。
  • 为在不同协变量子集上进行的高维回归后选择推断提供理论保证。
  • 通过模拟实验和一个真实世界的基因组学应用,对方法进行实证验证。

提出的方法

  • 提出MIDA(DAG中的中介推断),一种专用于在高维稀疏DAG中估计个体中介效应的IDA型方法。
  • 使用完整部分有向无环图(CPDAG)来表示潜在因果DAG的马尔可夫等价类。
  • 通过在不同协变量子集上对高维线性回归估计器施加统一界,推导其渐近性质。
  • 在子高斯误差假设下,推导出MIDA估计器的渐近正态性和分布收敛性。
  • 采用Benjamini-Hochberg程序并结合启发式p值筛选步骤,以控制多重检验中显著中介变量的假发现率(FDR)。
  • 通过大量模拟实验和一项来自高通量筛选研究的真实基因组数据集,验证理论结果。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在具有相互依赖中介变量的高维稀疏线性结构方程模型中,IDA型估计器能否实现一致估计并进行正式推断?
  • RQ2在高维设置下,MIDA估计器在个体中介效应上的渐近分布性质是什么?
  • RQ3如何为在不同协变量子集上进行的高维回归估计器的后选择推断提供严格的理论依据?
  • RQ4所提出的方法能否在保持统计功效的同时,控制多重检验中显著中介变量的假发现率?
  • RQ5在现实的高维场景中,MIDA在识别大中介效应方面相较于现有方法表现如何?

主要发现

  • MIDA在具有子高斯误差的线性结构方程模型中,对个体中介效应实现了高维一致性。
  • 该研究首次建立了IDA型估计器的分布收敛结果,使在高维设置下实现有效的渐近推断成为可能。
  • 推导出在不同协变量子集上高维回归估计器的统一界,该结果具有独立的理论价值。
  • 结合p值筛选的Benjamini-Hochberg程序能有效降低FDR控制的保守性,提升MIDA在多重检验中的统计功效。
  • 模拟实验和真实基因组数据集表明,MIDA能成功识别大中介效应,并在高维稀疏条件下保持稳健性能。
  • 理论结果通过实证验证,显示渐近理论与有限样本行为在模拟中具有良好一致性。

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