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[论文解读] Large-scale Quantum Approximate Optimization via Divide-and-Conquer

Junde Li, Mahabubul Alam|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 26, 2021
Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture参考文献 13被引用 6
一句话总结

本文提出分治QAOA(DC-QAOA),一种混合量子-经典算法,通过递归地将大型MaxCut图划分为可在NISQ设备上求解的较小子图,再通过量子态重建恢复全局解。DC-QAOA将时间复杂度从指数级降低至二次方级,实现了97.14%的近似比——比经典方法高出20.32个百分点,且期望值达94.79%,较量子退火高出15.80%。

ABSTRACT

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. However, it cannot overcome qubit limitation for large-scale problems. Furthermore, the execution time of QAOA scales exponentially with the problem size. We propose a Divide-and-Conquer QAOA (DC-QAOA) to address the above challenges for graph maximum cut (MaxCut) problem. The algorithm works by recursively partitioning a larger graph into smaller ones whose MaxCut solutions are obtained with small-size NISQ computers. The overall solution is retrieved from the sub-solutions by applying the combination policy of quantum state reconstruction. Multiple partitioning and reconstruction methods are proposed/ compared. DC-QAOA achieves 97.14% approximation ratio (20.32% higher than classical counterpart), and 94.79% expectation value (15.80% higher than quantum annealing). DC-QAOA also reduces the time complexity of conventional QAOA from exponential to quadratic.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决传统QAOA在大规模组合优化问题中面临的比特数可扩展性限制。
  • 通过将大图划分为更小、可求解的子图,克服QAOA的指数时间复杂度问题。
  • 开发一种量子态重建策略,将子解组合为全局解,且无需额外纠缠开销。
  • 在基准MaxCut实例上,评估DC-QAOA相较于经典求解器与量子退火的性能表现。
  • 优化算法参数(如测量次数、保留的量子基态数量)以最大化解的质量与效率。

提出的方法

  • 应用大规模图划分(LGP)策略,递归地将大图划分为共享节点最少、无交叉边的子图,实现各子图独立执行QAOA。
  • 采用朴素LGP启发式方法,逐步增加共享节点数量,同时避免交叉边,以寻找有效的节点分离路径。
  • 实施量子态重建(QSR)策略,基于共用节点上的切割集一致性,组合子解的测量分布。
  • 通过组合子图中高频解字符串,重建原始图的完整量子态,采用最小频率或概率乘积等标准作为依据。
  • 使用变分量子线路结合经典优化,为每个子图寻找最优QAOA参数,随后利用测量采样分布进行态重建。
  • 通过与真实全局态的期望值及Kullback–Leibler散度,评估重建质量。
Figure 1: Finding MaxCut for a large-scale graph using the proposed DC-QAOA algorithm: (a) a graph with 10 nodes that is unsolvable on a small quantum computer (say with 6 qubits); (b) graph partitioning heuristic (proposed LGP policy) splits the larger graph into two subgraphs with almost equal num
Figure 1: Finding MaxCut for a large-scale graph using the proposed DC-QAOA algorithm: (a) a graph with 10 nodes that is unsolvable on a small quantum computer (say with 6 qubits); (b) graph partitioning heuristic (proposed LGP policy) splits the larger graph into two subgraphs with almost equal num

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1分治方法是否能缓解传统QAOA在大规模MaxCut问题中面临的比特数与时间复杂度限制?
  • RQ2在子系统测量基础上进行量子态重建,在无子图间纠缠的前提下,恢复全局解的效率如何?
  • RQ3图划分质量(以节点冗余度与交叉边数量衡量)对重建解准确率的影响如何?
  • RQ4在大图实例上,DC-QAOA相较于经典求解器与量子退火,在近似比与期望值方面的表现如何?
  • RQ5何种参数设置(如测量次数、保留态数量)可在保证解质量的同时最小化运行时间?

主要发现

  • DC-QAOA通过将大图划分为可独立求解的小子图,将QAOA的时间复杂度从指数级降低至二次方级。
  • 在测试的MaxCut实例中,该算法实现了97.14%的近似比——比经典随机搜索高出20.32个百分点,显著优于经典方法。
  • DC-QAOA实现了94.79%的期望值,较同一基准图上的量子退火高出15.80%。
  • 在足够采样量(如5000次采样)下,DC-QAOA能持续获得接近最优的解,在大多数实验配置中达到100%的近似比。
  • 节点冗余度(NRL)指标表明,在划分过程中最小化共享节点与交叉边,可降低比特开销并提升重建准确率。
  • 在每子图t=20次测量、k=7个保留量子基态时达到最优性能,兼顾期望值与运行时间。
Figure 2: QAOA circuit after graph is mapped on a small quantum system for getting MaxCut solution. Gate parameters $(\gamma_{i},\beta_{i})$ are not shown here.
Figure 2: QAOA circuit after graph is mapped on a small quantum system for getting MaxCut solution. Gate parameters $(\gamma_{i},\beta_{i})$ are not shown here.

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