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[论文解读] Magnetic properties of a long-lived sunspot - Vertical magnetic field at the umbral boundary

Markus Schmassmann, R. Schlichenmaier|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 22, 2018
Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics参考文献 20被引用 6
一句话总结

本研究利用SDO/HMI数据,调查了长寿命黑子(NOAA AR 11591)本影边界处垂直磁场($B_{\text{ver}}$)的时间稳定性。结果表明,沿$I_c = 0.5I_{\text{qs}}$等高线平均的$B_{\text{ver}}$在10天内几乎保持恒定,稳定在1693 G,支持Jurčák准则,即本影边界可等价地由连续谱亮度或垂直磁场强度定义,且通过修正形成高度可进一步改善等高线对齐。

ABSTRACT

Context. In a recent statistical study of sunspots in 79 active regions, the vertical magnetic field component $B_ ext{ver}$ averaged along the umbral boundary is found to be independent of sunspot size. The authors of that study conclude that the absolute value of $B_ ext{ver}$ at the umbral boundary is the same for all spots. Aims. We investigate the temporal evolution of $B_ ext{ver}$ averaged along the umbral boundary of one long-lived sunspot during its stable phase. Methods. We analysed data from the HMI instrument on-board SDO. Contours of continuum intensity at $I_ ext{c}=0.5I_ ext{qs}$, whereby $I_ ext{qs}$ refers to the average over the quiet sun areas, are used to extract the magnetic field along the umbral boundary. Projection effects due to different formation heights of the Fe I 617.3 nm line and continuum are taken into account. To avoid limb artefacts, the spot is only analysed for heliocentric angles smaller than $60^{\circ}$. Results. During the first disc passage, NOAA AR 11591, $B_ ext{ver}$ remains constant at 1693 G with a root-mean-square deviation of 15 G, whereas the magnetic field strength varies substantially (mean 2171 G, rms of 48 G) and shows a long term variation. Compensating for formation height has little influence on the mean value along each contour, but reduces the variations along the contour when away from disc centre, yielding a better match between the contours of $B_ ext{ver}=1693$ G and $I_ ext{c}=0.5I_ ext{qs}$. Conclusions. During the disc passage of a stable sunspot, its umbral boundary can equivalently be defined by using the continuum intensity $I_ ext{c}$ or the vertical magnetic field component $B_ ext{ver}$. Contours of fixed magnetic field strength fail to outline the umbral boundary.

研究动机与目标

  • 测试在长寿命太阳黑子的稳定阶段,垂直磁场分量($B_{\text{ver}}$)是否沿本影边界保持恒定。
  • 评估$I_c = 0.5I_{\text{qs}}$等高线(连续谱亮度)与$B_{\text{ver}}$等高线是否可等价地用于定义本影边界。
  • 评估Fe I 617.3 nm谱线与连续谱不同形成高度导致的投影效应,对$B_{\text{ver}}$测量的影响。
  • 验证Jurčák准则,即$|B_{\text{ver}}|$在所有太阳黑子中恒定,并定义本影边界。

提出的方法

  • 分析NOAA AR 11591首次过盘期间的1063组SDO/HMI数据集(12分钟采样率),限制在日心角小于60°以避免边缘效应。
  • 使用$I_c = 0.5I_{\text{qs}}$等高线(其中$I_{\text{qs}}$为宁静太阳亮度)定义本影边界以进行磁场分析。
  • 应用高度修正($\Delta h = 465$ km)以补偿谱线与连续谱不同形成高度的影响,提高投影精度。
  • 沿$I_c = 0.5I_{\text{qs}}$等高线计算时间平均的$B_{\text{ver}}$,并使用均方根偏差($\sigma_t$)量化其时间稳定性。
  • 使用距离度量($\left<d\right>_{\psi,t}$)对$B_{\text{ver}}$与$I_c$等高线进行统计比较,以确定最佳匹配水平。
  • 采用贝叶斯线性回归评估恒定$|B_{\text{ver}}|$模型是否比对数面积的多项式模型更优。
Figure 1: Mean magnetic field strength $\left<|B|\right>_{\psi}(t)$ in black (it’s vertical component $\left<B_{\text{ver}}\right>_{\psi}(t)$ in blue) along the $I_{\text{c}}=0.5I_{\text{qs}}$ contour, with $\Delta h=465\,\text{km}$ accounted for, Sinusodial fits and the residuals for NOAA AR 11591.
Figure 1: Mean magnetic field strength $\left<|B|\right>_{\psi}(t)$ in black (it’s vertical component $\left<B_{\text{ver}}\right>_{\psi}(t)$ in blue) along the $I_{\text{c}}=0.5I_{\text{qs}}$ contour, with $\Delta h=465\,\text{km}$ accounted for, Sinusodial fits and the residuals for NOAA AR 11591.

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在稳定太阳黑子的本影边界上,垂直磁场分量$B_{\text{ver}}$是否随时间保持恒定?
  • RQ2本影边界是否可等价地由$I_c = 0.5I_{\text{qs}}$或固定$B_{\text{ver}}$值定义?
  • RQ3Fe I 617.3 nm谱线与连续谱不同形成高度导致的投影效应,如何影响本影边界处测量的$B_{\text{ver}}$?
  • RQ4观测到的$B_{\text{ver}}$恒定性是否支持Jurčák准则,即$|B_{\text{ver}}|$是不同太阳黑子中本影边界的普遍定义?

主要发现

  • 沿$I_c = 0.5I_{\text{qs}}$等高线的时间平均$B_{\text{ver}}$在10天内保持恒定在1693 G,均方根偏差仅为15 G。
  • $I_c$与$B_{\text{ver}}$等高线的最佳匹配出现在$I_c = 0.53I_{\text{qs}}$与$|B_{\text{ver}}| = 1639$ G,证实$I_c = 0.5I_{\text{qs}}$是定义本影边界的近似最优选择。
  • 忽略形成高度修正($\Delta h = 0$)会使$B_{\text{ver}}$沿等高线的波动增加30%以上,导致$I_c$与$B_{\text{ver}}$等高线匹配度下降。
  • 本研究证实,沿本影边界的$B_{\text{ver}}$时间平均值具有稳定性,支持Jurčák准则,即$|B_{\text{ver}}|$是稳定太阳黑子的普遍边界定义。
  • 观测到的$B_{\text{ver}}$值1693 G与Jurčák等人(2018)统计值1867 G一致,差异归因于仪器分辨率和填充因子效应。
  • 固定$B_{\text{ver}}$强度的等高线无法准确勾勒出本影边界,而$I_c = 0.5I_{\text{qs}}$与$B_{\text{ver}} = 1693$ G等高线高度吻合,证实二者等价。
Figure 2: As Fig. 1 , but from contours at $I_{\text{c}}=0.4I_{\text{qs}}$ .
Figure 2: As Fig. 1 , but from contours at $I_{\text{c}}=0.4I_{\text{qs}}$ .

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