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[论文解读] Mechanisms for Risk Averse Agents, Without Loss

Shaddin Dughmi, Yuval Peres|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 13, 2012
Auction Theory and Applications参考文献 15被引用 11
一句话总结

本文提出了一种通用的黑箱转换方法,可将任何在风险中性假设下设计的、在数学期望下 truthful 的机制,转换为即使在代理人风险规避时仍保持激励相容的机制,且不改变其分配规则。该方法通过货币转移实现风险对冲,消除收益方差,确保在任意未知的凹函数型金钱效用函数下,实现主导策略激励相容。

ABSTRACT

Auctions in which agents' payoffs are random variables have received increased attention in recent years. In particular, recent work in algorithmic mechanism design has produced mechanisms employing internal randomization, partly in response to limitations on deterministic mechanisms imposed by computational complexity. For many of these mechanisms, which are often referred to as truthful-in-expectation, incentive compatibility is contingent on the assumption that agents are risk-neutral. These mechanisms have been criticized on the grounds that this assumption is too strong, because "real" agents are typically risk averse, and moreover their precise attitude towards risk is typically unknown a-priori. In response, researchers in algorithmic mechanism design have sought the design of universally-truthful mechanisms --- mechanisms for which incentive-compatibility makes no assumptions regarding agents' attitudes towards risk. We show that any truthful-in-expectation mechanism can be generically transformed into a mechanism that is incentive compatible even when agents are risk averse, without modifying the mechanism's allocation rule. The transformed mechanism does not require reporting of agents' risk profiles. Equivalently, our result can be stated as follows: Every (randomized) allocation rule that is implementable in dominant strategies when players are risk neutral is also implementable when players are endowed with an arbitrary and unknown concave utility function for money.

研究动机与目标

  • 为解决 truthful-in-expectation 机制对风险中性代理人的依赖问题,使其在风险规避条件下仍可适用。
  • 表明普遍 truthful 并非对风险规避具备鲁棒性的必要条件,从而挑战研究普遍 truthful 机制的合理性。
  • 提供一种通用转换方法,在不改变分配规则的前提下,确保在任意未知风险偏好下实现主导策略激励相容。
  • 证明机制设计者可安全地使用 truthful-in-expectation 机制,而无需假设代理人风险中性,只要其目标仅依赖于分配规则。
  • 通过机制层面的保险解决方案,解决风险规避代理人可能在随机机制中偏离真实报告的现实问题。

提出的方法

  • 机制设计者模拟一个风险中性的银行,通过基于实际结果的货币转移,为代理人提供对收益方差的保险。
  • 对每个代理人,机制计算其在原机制下的期望收益,并调整支付以提供等效于风险中性下期望效用的保证效用。
  • 该转换使用如下恒等式:对于具有随机收益 $ x $ 的代理人,机制支付 $ \mathop{\mathbf{E}}[x] - x $,从而将风险转移至主导方。
  • 该支付结构在保持代理人期望效用不变的同时消除了方差,因此在任意凹效用函数下均实现主导策略激励相容。
  • 该转换与代理人的风险偏好无关,且无需报告其风险偏好。
  • 该方法可通用地应用于无先验和贝叶斯设定,并可通过乘法收益近似方式适配近似机制。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1是否可以在不修改分配规则的前提下,使 truthful-in-expectation 机制对风险规避具备鲁棒性?
  • RQ2对风险规避的鲁棒性是否必须依赖普遍 truthful?还是 truthful-in-expectation 机制可被调整以适应风险规避代理人?
  • RQ3机制设计者能否在不知晓代理人风险偏好时,确保在任意未知的凹效用函数下实现主导策略激励相容?
  • RQ4当主导方为风险中性时,该转换是否会导致其期望效用损失?
  • RQ5该转换是否可高效地应用于具有复杂或隐式定义的随机分配规则的机制?

主要发现

  • 在风险中性下可通过主导策略实现的任何分配规则,也可在任意未知的凹效用函数下实现。
  • 所提出的转换保持了原机制的分配规则,并确保风险规避代理人实现主导策略激励相容。
  • 该转换无需代理人报告其风险偏好,且与具体效用函数无关。
  • 若主导方为风险中性,其期望效用保持不变,而代理人的效用因风险消除而严格提升。
  • 对于无收益分布闭式表达式的机制,该转换在一般情况下无法高效实现,但当存在乘法收益近似时可进行近似。
  • 在可实现乘法收益近似的情况下,所得机制对风险规避代理人实现了 $ (1 - \epsilon) $-近似激励相容。

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