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[论文解读] Online Algorithms for Matching Platforms with Multi-Channel Traffic

Vahideh Manshadi, Scott Rodilitz|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 28, 2022
Optimization and Search Problems被引用 4
一句话总结

本文提出自适应容量(AC)算法,用于处理多通道流量的在线匹配平台,其中外部流量绕过推荐系统。通过区分内部与外部匹配,并动态调整容量分配,AC 实现了随外部流量增加而提升的竞争力比率——在真实场景(如 VolunteerMatch)中,其性能界接近理论极限,具有可证明的最优性。

ABSTRACT

Two-sided platforms rely on their recommendation algorithms to help visitors successfully find a match. However, on platforms such as VolunteerMatch (VM) -- which has facilitated millions of connections between volunteers and nonprofits -- a sizable fraction of website traffic arrives directly to a nonprofit's volunteering page via an external link, thus bypassing the platform's recommendation algorithm. We study how such platforms should account for this external traffic in the design of their recommendation algorithms, given the goal of maximizing successful matches. We model the platform's problem as a special case of online matching, where (using VM terminology) volunteers arrive sequentially and probabilistically match with one opportunity, each of which has finite need for volunteers. In our framework, external traffic is interested only in their targeted opportunity; by contrast, internal traffic may be interested in many opportunities, and the platform's online algorithm selects which opportunity to recommend. In evaluating different algorithms, we parameterize the competitive ratio based on the amount of external traffic. After demonstrating the shortcomings of a commonly-used algorithm that is optimal in the absence of external traffic, we propose a new algorithm -- Adaptive Capacity (AC) -- which accounts for matches differently based on whether they originate from internal or external traffic. We provide a lower bound on AC's competitive ratio that is increasing in the amount of external traffic and that is close to (and, in some regimes, exactly matches) the parameterized upper bound we establish on the competitive ratio of any online algorithm. We complement our theoretical results with a numerical study motivated by VM data that demonstrates the strong performance of AC and furthers our understanding of the difference between AC and other commonly-used algorithms.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决当大量流量通过外部链接到达、绕过推荐算法时,如何在双边平台上最大化成功匹配的问题。
  • 将平台的决策过程建模为一个在线匹配问题,包含概率性到达与有限机会容量。
  • 通过基于外部流量占比的参数化方法,细化该场景下的竞争力比率分析。
  • 设计并分析一种算法,以最优方式在内部与外部流量之间分配容量,从而最大化总有效匹配数。
  • 利用 VolunteerMatch 的真实数据验证算法性能,并与当前工业实践进行比较。

提出的方法

  • 将平台问题形式化为一个在线匹配模型,其中志愿者按顺序到达,并与具有有限容量的机会进行匹配。
  • 引入一个依赖于外部流量比例的参数化竞争力比率,细化该场景下的标准竞争力分析。
  • 提出自适应容量(AC)算法,根据流量来源动态调整匹配决策——优先为内部流量匹配未充分满足的机会,并保留外部匹配。
  • 利用原始-对偶框架推导出 AC 竞争力比率的下界,表明其随外部流量增加而提升。
  • 建立任何在线算法竞争力比率的理论上限,证明 AC 的性能近乎最优。
  • 基于 VolunteerMatch 数据进行数值模拟,将 AC 与现有算法进行比较,验证其在实际中的优越性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1当部分流量以外部方式到达、绕过推荐系统时,匹配平台应如何最优分配容量?
  • RQ2在此多通道流量场景下,在线算法的理论性能极限是什么?其性能如何依赖于外部流量占比?
  • RQ3能否设计一种根据流量来源自适应调整匹配策略的算法,以提升整体匹配效率?
  • RQ4在真实世界数据场景中,所提出的自适应容量(AC)算法相较于现有算法表现如何?
  • RQ5最佳可能竞争力比率与 AC 实际性能之间的差距是多少?该差距如何随系统参数变化?

主要发现

  • AC 算法的竞争力比率随外部流量占比的增加而提升,表明其性能在外部流量增多时表现更优。
  • AC 的竞争力比率下界由一个函数给出,该函数与任何在线算法性能的理论上限极为接近,表明其近乎最优。
  • AC 的竞争力比率严格高于标准下界 β(即最优全知解中有效匹配的期望比例),表明其在存在外部流量时优于传统算法。
  • 基于 VolunteerMatch 数据的数值研究显示,AC 显著优于当前工业实践,尤其在外部流量较高的场景中。
  • 模型揭示,外部流量可被战略性地利用:通过保留外部匹配,并将内部流量引导至未充分满足的机会,平台可实现更高的整体匹配效率。
  • 分析表明,仅依赖内部流量优化(如以往研究中常见做法)在外部流量占比较大的情况下会导致次优性能。

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