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[论文解读] Optimal Signaling with Mismatch in Priors of an Encoder and Decoder.

Ertan Kazıklı, Serkan Sarıtaş|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 4, 2021
Game Theory and Applications参考文献 36被引用 6
一句话总结

本文研究了通信系统中的信号博弈,其中编码器与解码器对信源分布持有不匹配的先验,分析了在功率约束和高斯噪声下的斯塔克尔贝格均衡与纳什均衡。研究发现,在先验不匹配下仿射信号策略会失去最优性,且均衡可能变得非信息性;然而,在先验绝对连续的条件下,廉价谈话设置下仍存在完全信息性的均衡。

ABSTRACT

We consider communications between an encoder and a decoder, viewed as two decision makers, which have subjective beliefs on the probabilistic model of the source distribution. Even though the decision makers employ the same cost function, induced expected costs are different from the perspective of the encoder and decoder due to their subjective probabilistic beliefs, which requires a game theoretic treatment. Depending on the commitment nature of the encoder to its policies, we analyze this signaling game problem under Nash and Stackelberg equilibrium concepts. In particular, we consider a communication scenario through a Gaussian noise channel with a power constrained encoder. We show that the Stackelberg equilibrium cost of the encoder is upper semi continuous, under the Wasserstein metric, as encoder's prior approaches to decoder's prior and in the particular case of Gaussian subjective priors it is also lower semi continuous, which proves the robustness of the equilibrium around the team setup. We further prove that the optimality of affine policies for Gaussian signaling under Stackelberg equilibria breaks down due to the presence of prior mismatch. We also investigate the informativeness of Stackelberg equilibria under affine policy restriction when there is prior mismatch and show that under certain conditions the equilibria become non-informative, that is information transmission ceases to exist. For the Nash setup, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions under which there exist informative affine Nash equilibria. Furthermore, we show that there exist fully informative Nash and Stackelberg equilibria for the cheap talk problem (i.e., no additive noise term and no power constraint at the encoder) as in the team theoretic setup under an absolute continuity condition.

研究动机与目标

  • 将通信建模为信号博弈,其中编码器与解码器对信源分布持有不同的主观信念。
  • 在先验不匹配存在的情况下,分析纳什与斯塔克尔贝格承诺结构下的均衡行为。
  • 研究当编码器的先验趋近于解码器的先验时,斯塔克尔贝格均衡的鲁棒性。
  • 确定仿射信号策略在何种条件下仍保持最优或变为非信息性。
  • 在先验绝对连续的条件下,建立廉价谈话极限下完全信息性均衡的存在性。

提出的方法

  • 将通信系统建模为具有主观先验的信号博弈,采用不同均衡概念下的期望代价最小化方法。
  • 应用沃瑟斯坦度量分析当编码器的先验趋近于解码器的先验时,斯塔克尔贝格均衡代价的连续性。
  • 运用博弈论分析推导出仿射纳什均衡存在性的必要与充分条件。
  • 在仿射策略约束下研究斯塔克尔贝格均衡的结构,并识别信息传输失效的条件。
  • 通过先验的绝对连续性,建立廉价谈话设置下完全信息性均衡的存在性。
  • 证明在高斯先验下,斯塔克尔贝格代价的上半连续性与下半连续性,从而展示均衡的鲁棒性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在先验不匹配时,何时存在信息性的仿射纳什均衡?
  • RQ2当编码器的先验趋近于解码器的先验时,斯塔克尔贝格均衡代价的行为如何?
  • RQ3为何在斯塔克尔贝格均衡下,先验不匹配会使仿射信号策略失去最优性?
  • RQ4在何种情况下,由于先验不匹配,斯塔克尔贝格均衡会变得非信息性?
  • RQ5在先验不匹配的廉价谈话设置下,完全信息性均衡存在的条件是什么?

主要发现

  • 当编码器的先验趋近于解码器的先验时,斯塔克尔贝格均衡代价在沃瑟斯坦度量下是上半连续的。
  • 对于高斯主观先验,斯塔克尔贝格均衡代价也是下半连续的,从而证明了在团队设置附近的均衡鲁棒性。
  • 当存在先验不匹配时,仿射信号策略在斯塔克尔贝格均衡下不再是最优的。
  • 在某些条件下,斯塔克尔贝格均衡会变得非信息性,即由于先验不匹配导致信息传输完全停止。
  • 在廉价谈话设置下(无噪声、无功率约束),在先验绝对连续的条件下,存在完全信息性的纳什与斯塔克尔贝格均衡。
  • 推导出在先验不匹配下信息性仿射纳什均衡存在的必要与充分条件。

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