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[论文解读] Physical Security in the Post-quantum Era: A Survey on Side-channel Analysis, Random Number Generators, and Physically Unclonable Functions

Sreeja Chowdhury, Ana Covic|arXiv (Cornell University)|May 9, 2020
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security参考文献 133被引用 16
一句话总结

本综述研究了后量子时代的物理安全,重点关注侧信道分析、随机数生成以及物理不可克隆函数(PUFs)。它对比了经典方法与量子方法,评估了抗量子设计,并指出了在熵估计、自检和可靠性方面,针对抗量子随机数生成器(QRNGs)和量子PUFs的关键挑战,提出了未来在量子系统中实现稳健物理安全的研究方向。

ABSTRACT

Over the past decades, quantum technology has seen consistent progress, with notable recent developments in the field of quantum computers. Traditionally, this trend has been primarily seen as a serious risk for cryptography; however, a positive aspect of quantum technology should also be stressed. In this regard, viewing this technology as a resource for honest parties rather than adversaries, it may enhance not only the security, but also the performance of specific cryptographic schemes. While considerable effort has been devoted to the design of quantum-resistant and quantum-enhanced schemes, little effort has been made to understanding their physical security. Physical security deals with the design and implementation of security measures fulfilling the practical requirements of cryptographic primitives, which are equally essential for classic and quantum ones. This survey aims to draw greater attention to the importance of physical security, with a focus on secure key generation and storage as well as secure execution. More specifically, the possibility of performing side-channel analysis in the quantum world is discussed and compared to attacks launched in the classic world. Besides, proposals for quantum random number generation and quantum physically unclonable functions are compared to their classic counterparts and further analyzed to give a better understanding of their features, advantages, and shortcomings. Finally, seen from these three perspectives, this survey provides an outlook for future research in this direction.

研究动机与目标

  • 评估量子计算对物理安全的影响,特别是在密钥生成、存储和执行方面。
  • 分析在量子计算时代,与经典攻击相比,侧信道攻击的可行性和局限性。
  • 评估量子随机数生成器(QRNGs)及其相较于经典真随机数生成器(TRNGs)在速度、成本和可靠性方面的优势。
  • 探索基于量子现象(如叠加态、纠缠)的量子物理不可克隆函数(PUFs)的设计、安全性和攻击面,及其对量子攻击者的鲁棒性。
  • 识别后量子物理安全原_primitive_中的开放研究挑战,包括自检、熵估计和可靠性度量。

提出的方法

  • 调研量子系统中侧信道分析的现有文献,比较经典与量子实现的攻击面差异。
  • 分析TRNGs与QRNGs,重点关注熵源、生成速率,以及对自检和故障检测机制的需求。
  • 基于量子现象(如叠加、纠缠)评估量子PUFs,并与经典PUFs在不可克隆性和可靠性方面进行比较。
  • 调研涉及PUFs的认证协议,包括针对量子攻击者设计的协议。
  • 回顾随机性放大和熵估计技术,以提升在对抗性控制下QRNGs的可靠性。
  • 提出需要标准化的评估指标和稳健的测试框架,以评估后量子物理安全原_primitive_。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1量子世界中的侧信道分析技术与经典世界有何不同?出现了哪些新型漏洞?
  • RQ2在性能、成本和可靠性方面,量子随机数生成器(QRNGs)相较于经典TRNGs的关键优势和局限性是什么?
  • RQ3量子PUFs是否能提供强于经典PUFs的不可克隆性?在可靠性与评估指标方面存在哪些权衡?
  • RQ4哪些最有效的自检和熵估计方法可用于确保QRNGs和量子PUFs的安全性?
  • RQ5需要哪些新的评估框架和度量标准,以验证物理原_primitive_对量子攻击者的安全性?

主要发现

  • 量子计算机对经典密码学构成威胁,但同时也通过量子现象为增强物理安全提供了机遇。
  • QRNGs在实现高速、低开销且安全的随机数生成方面展现出巨大潜力,但需通过严格的自检和熵估计确保其可靠性。
  • 基于叠加和纠缠的量子PUFs相比经典PUFs提供了更强的不可克隆性,但其可靠性降低,且缺乏标准化的评估方法。
  • 量子领域的侧信道攻击仍研究不足,新的攻击模型正在出现,利用量子测量和控制能力实施攻击。
  • 随机性放大技术有助于克服QRNGs中低熵源的问题,但由于表征不完善,对真正随机性的信心仍具挑战。
  • 迫切需要标准化的度量指标和评估框架,以评估后量子物理原_primitive_对量子攻击者的安全性。

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