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[论文解读] Quantum supremacy and random circuits

Ramis Movassagh|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 11, 2019
Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture参考文献 27被引用 26
一句话总结

本文证明了经典计算机估算随机量子线路输出概率的问题是#P难的,从而确立了随机电路采样(RCS)作为实现量子优越性的最强候选方案。通过引入Cayley路径插值法,并结合随机矩阵理论与代数几何的最新进展,作者表明即使在微小扰动下,经典模拟依然保持指数级困难,为超越理想化假设的量子优势提供了稳健证据。

ABSTRACT

As Moore's law reaches its limits, quantum computers are emerging with the promise of dramatically outperforming classical computers. We have witnessed the advent of quantum processors with over $50$ quantum bits (qubits), which are expected to be beyond the reach of classical simulation. Quantum supremacy is the event at which the old Extended Church-Turing Thesis is overturned: A quantum computer performs a task that is practically impossible for any classical (super)computer. The demonstration requires both a solid theoretical guarantee and an experimental realization. The lead candidate is Random Circuit Sampling (RCS), which is the task of sampling from the output distribution of random quantum circuits. Google recently announced a $53-$qubit experimental demonstration of RCS. Soon after, classical algorithms appeared that challenge the supremacy of random circuits by estimating their outputs. How hard is it to classically simulate the output of random quantum circuits? We prove that estimating the output probabilities of random quantum circuits is formidably hard ($\#P$-Hard) for any classical computer. This makes RCS the strongest candidate for demonstrating quantum supremacy relative to all other proposals. The robustness to the estimation error that we prove may serve as a new hardness criterion for the performance of classical algorithms. To achieve this, we introduce the Cayley path interpolation between any two gates of a quantum computation and convolve recent advances in quantum complexity and information with probability and random matrices. Furthermore, we apply algebraic geometry to generalize the well-known Berlekamp-Welch algorithm that is widely used in coding theory and cryptography. Our results imply that there is an exponential hardness barrier for the classical simulation of most quantum circuits.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过证明其经典模拟的困难性,为通过随机电路采样(RCS)实现量子优越性建立严格的理论基础。
  • 克服先前研究依赖非物理假设(如非酉预言机访问)的局限性。
  • 证明随机线路的平均情况困难性,确保大多数实例在经典计算下均难以模拟。
  • 开发一个在小误差下依然有效的稳健硬度框架,从而支持量子优势的实际验证。
  • 将量子复杂性理论与随机矩阵理论及代数几何统一,以加强RCS的硬度证明。

提出的方法

  • 引入Cayley路径作为量子门之间的连续插值,实现单位酉线路的平滑变形,以利于分析目的。
  • 应用Paturi引理来界定量子线路振幅多项式逼近中的误差,尤其在截断泰勒级数展开时。
  • 利用代数几何推广Berlekamp-Welch算法,使多项式插值中的纠错技术适用于量子振幅估计。
  • 将随机矩阵理论与量子线路分析相结合,表明典型随机线路的输出概率估算具有指数级困难性。
  • 建立从#P难问题到估算随机线路输出振幅的归约,证明在标准复杂性假设下该问题具有硬度。
  • 表明对加法误差(如exp(−poly(n)))的鲁棒性仅在经典算法拥有酉预言机访问时成立,而非非酉预言机。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1估算随机量子线路输出概率的问题对经典计算机是否为#P难?
  • RQ2随机电路采样(RCS)的困难性是否对小扰动或近似误差具有鲁棒性?
  • RQ3在经典模拟中使用非酉近似是否会否定量子优越性的主张?
  • RQ4能否利用代数几何与随机矩阵理论来加强量子优越性的复杂性理论依据?
  • RQ5RCS的平均情况困难性是否足以保证大多数随机线路在经典计算下不可行?

主要发现

  • 估算随机量子线路输出概率的问题是#P难的,确立了经典模拟的根本性指数级障碍。
  • 该硬度结果对阶为exp(−poly(n))的加法误差具有鲁棒性,为评估经典模拟算法提供了新标准。
  • 依赖非酉或截断预言机访问的经典算法无法用于反驳量子优越性,因为此类预言机对酉线路不可物理实现。
  • Cayley路径插值法实现了量子线路的连续、酉变形,促进了在扰动下对振幅估计的严格分析。
  • 广义的Berlekamp-Welch算法即使在噪声或截断输入下,也能精确恢复表示量子振幅的高次多项式。
  • 分析表明,任何声称能模拟随机线路的经典算法,其多项式逼近的次数必须呈指数级增长,因而效率极低。

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