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[论文解读] Strong Faithfulness and Uniform Consistency in Causal Inference

Jiji Zhang, Peter Spirtes|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 19, 2012
Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference参考文献 12被引用 69
一句话总结

本文提出了对因果性假设的两个推广——强因果性(strong faithfulness)与一致因果性(uniform faithfulness),使得在时间顺序未知或存在隐变量混淆的情况下,结构方程模型中仍能实现统一一致的因果推断。作者表明,通过轻微修改标准因果发现算法,即可在这些更强假设下实现统一一致性,从而解决了在标准因果性假设下先前方法面临的一个关键局限。

ABSTRACT

A fundamental question in causal inference is whether it is possible to reliably infer manipulation effects from observational data. There are a variety of senses of asymptotic reliability in the statistical literature, among which the most commonly discussed frequentist notions are pointwise consistency and uniform consistency. Uniform consistency is in general preferred to pointwise consistency because the former allows us to control the worst case error bounds with a finite sample size. In the sense of pointwise consistency, several reliable causal inference algorithms have been established under the Markov and Faithfulness assumptions [Pearl 2000, Spirtes et al. 2001]. In the sense of uniform consistency, however, reliable causal inference is impossible under the two assumptions when time order is unknown and/or latent confounders are present [Robins et al. 2000]. In this paper we present two natural generalizations of the Faithfulness assumption in the context of structural equation models, under which we show that the typical algorithms in the literature (in some cases with modifications) are uniformly consistent even when the time order is unknown. We also discuss the situation where latent confounders may be present and the sense in which the Faithfulness assumption is a limiting case of the stronger assumptions.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决在时间顺序未知或存在隐变量混淆时,标准因果性假设下统一一致因果推断的局限性。
  • 提出更强的假设——强因果性与一致因果性,以扩展可靠因果发现的适用范围。
  • 证明现有因果推断算法可通过修改实现这些新假设下的统一一致性。
  • 阐明标准因果性假设与所提更强假设之间的关系,表明后者是前者的自然推广。

提出的方法

  • 将强因果性概念引入为标准因果性假设的推广,确保条件独立性关系并非源于参数抵消。
  • 定义一致因果性为一种条件,确保因果发现算法在给定模型类的所有分布中均保持统一一致性。
  • 修改现有的因果发现算法(如PC和FCI),以整合新假设,确保其能统一收敛至正确的因果图。
  • 以结构方程模型(SEMs)作为基础框架,形式化新假设并分析其一致性性质。
  • 在新假设下建立误差率的理论界,表明最坏情况下的误差可通过有限样本量加以控制。
  • 证明标准因果性假设是强因果性的极限情形,且后者对参数依赖更具鲁棒性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在标准假设下,当时间顺序未知且存在隐变量混淆时,能否实现统一一致的因果推断?
  • RQ2如何强化因果性假设,以确保因果发现中的统一一致性?
  • RQ3在未知时间顺序的情况下,现有因果发现算法在何种理论条件下仍能保持统一一致性?
  • RQ4标准因果性假设在何种意义上是强因果性等更强假设的极限情形?
  • RQ5所提出的假设如何影响因果推断算法的可靠性与有限样本性能?

主要发现

  • 所提出的强因果性与一致因果性假设,即使在时间顺序未知或存在隐变量混淆时,也能实现统一一致的因果推断。
  • 标准因果发现算法(如PC和FCI)经适当修改后,可在新假设下实现统一一致性。
  • 标准因果性假设被证明是强因果性的极限情形,后者对参数抵消更具鲁棒性。
  • 在标准因果性假设下,当时间顺序未知或存在隐变量混淆时,统一一致性不可实现,但在更强假设下则成为可能。
  • 理论分析确认,在新假设下误差界可由有限样本量控制,从而实现可靠推断。

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