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[论文解读] The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey. XX. Dust and gas in the foreground Galactic cirrus

S. Bianchi, C. Giovanardi|ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)|Sep 19, 2016
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena参考文献 87被引用 3
一句话总结

本研究利用赫歇尔SPIRE、IRAS-IRIS和普朗克-HFI数据,结合ALFALFA H i气体图,分析了室女座星系团前景方向高银纬银河卷云的远红外与亚毫米波尘埃发射。研究测定了低速和中速气体组分的尘埃发射率与消光截面,结果与普朗克在高银纬区域的测量一致,并识别出尘埃-气体相关性中的局部偏差,可能源于小尺度尘埃性质变化或低柱密度分子云。

ABSTRACT

We study the correlation between far-infared/submm dust emission and atomic gas column density in order to derive the properties of the high Galactic latitude, low density, Milky Way cirrus in the foreground of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. Dust emission maps from 60 to 850 um are obtained from SPIRE observations carried out within the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey, complemented by IRAS-IRIS and Planck-HFI maps. Data from the Arecibo legacy Fast ALFA Survey is used to derive atomic gas column densities for two broad velocity components, low and intermediate velocity clouds. Dust emissivities are derived for each gas component and each far-infared/submm band. For the low velocity clouds, we measure an average emissivity 0.79 +/- 0.08 times 1E-20 MJy sr^-1 cm^2 at 250 um. After fitting a modified blackbody to the available bands, we estimated a dust absorption cross-section 0.49 +/- 0.13 times 1E-25 cm^2 H^-1 at 250 um (with dust temperature T = 20.4 +/- 1.5 K and spectral index beta = 1.53 +/- 0.17). The results are in excellent agreement with those obtained by Planck over a much larger coverage of the high Galactic latitude cirrus (50% of the sky vs 0.2% in our work). For dust associated with intermediate velocity gas, we confirm earlier Planck results and find a higher temperature and lower emissivity and cross-section. After subtracting the modelled components, we find regions at scales smaller than 20' where the residuals deviate significantly from the average, cosmic-infrared-background dominated, scatter. These large residuals are most likely due to local variations in the cirrus dust properties (and/or the dust/atomic-gas correlation) or to high-latitude molecular clouds with average N_H2

研究动机与目标

  • 表征室女座星系团前景方向高银纬、低密度银河卷云尘埃的物理特性。
  • 研究高银纬区域远红外/亚毫米波尘埃发射与原子氢(H i)柱密度之间的相关性。
  • 确定低速(LVC)和中速(IVC)云团的尘埃发射率与消光截面。
  • 评估卷云污染对室女座星系团内星际尘埃探测的影响。
  • 识别并解释小于20角分尺度下尘埃-气体相关性的空间偏差。

提出的方法

  • 从赫歇尔SPIRE获取60–850 μm波段的尘埃发射图,辅以IRAS-IRIS和Planck-HFI数据。
  • 利用阿雷西博ALFALFA巡天数据,推导低速和中速气体组分的H i柱密度。
  • 在多个FIR/submm波段中,通过尘埃面亮度与H i柱密度的比值计算尘埃发射率εν。
  • 对LVC和IVC组分的谱能分布(SED)拟合改进的黑体(MBB)模型,以推导尘埃温度T、光谱指数β及消光截面τν/N_H。
  • 在减去LVC和IVC模型组分后进行残差分析,以识别小于平均尘埃-气体相关性的局部偏差。
  • 将结果与普朗克和FIRAS数据对比,验证发射率与截面测量结果,并评估与现有尘埃模型的一致性。
Figure 1: Distribution histogram of the 21 cm line opacity computed for the 30 absorption features detected on the line of sight to NVSS continuum radiosources.
Figure 1: Distribution histogram of the 21 cm line opacity computed for the 30 absorption features detected on the line of sight to NVSS continuum radiosources.

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在高银纬区域,低速银河卷云在250 μm波段的尘埃发射率与消光截面是多少?
  • RQ2中速云团的尘埃性质(温度、发射率、光谱指数)与低速云团相比有何差异?
  • RQ3在小于20角分尺度下,尘埃-气体相关性的局部偏差在多大程度上反映了尘埃性质的变化或未追踪到的分子气体?
  • RQ4室女座星系团场域中的残余发射是否可归因于星系际尘埃,还是主要由银河卷云和宇宙红外背景涨落主导?
  • RQ5测量得到的尘埃性质与普朗克和FIRAS结果相比如何?这对星际尘埃模型有何启示?

主要发现

  • 低速云团(LVC)在250 μm波段的平均尘埃发射率为ε²⁵⁰ = (0.79 ± 0.08) × 10⁻²⁰ MJy sr⁻¹ cm²。
  • LVC尘埃温度为T = 20.4 ± 1.5 K,光谱指数β = 1.53 ± 0.17,尘埃消光截面为τ²⁵⁰/N_H = (0.49 ± 0.13) × 10⁻²⁵ cm² H⁻¹。
  • 对于中速云团(IVC),发射率较低:ε²⁵⁰ = (0.408 ± 0.054) × 10⁻²⁰ MJy sr⁻¹ cm²,具有更高的尘埃温度和更低的截面,与普朗克结果一致。
  • 在小于20角分尺度下,尘埃-气体相关性的残差显示偏差最高可达平均散射的80%,可能源于局部尘埃性质变化或柱密度N_H₂ ≲ 10²⁰ cm⁻²的小型分子云。
  • 负向残差表明存在无明显尘埃发射的H i特征,提示在小尺度下气体与尘埃示踪剂的空间对应关系不完美。
  • 未发现星系际尘埃发射的明确证据,因为预测的室女座星系团ICM表面亮度低于由宇宙红外背景涨落主导的残差散射水平。
Figure 2: Standard deviation (solid line) and median (dashed line) ALFALFA spectra for the HeViCS field. The median spectrum has been divided by two for ease of presentation
Figure 2: Standard deviation (solid line) and median (dashed line) ALFALFA spectra for the HeViCS field. The median spectrum has been divided by two for ease of presentation

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