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[论文解读] The XMM-Newton wide-field survey in the COSMOS field. The point-like X-ray source catalogue

N. Cappelluti, M. Brusa|ArXiv.org|Jan 15, 2009
Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations参考文献 48被引用 169
一句话总结

本文介绍了在COSMOS场进行的XMM-Newton宽场X射线巡天,提供了覆盖2.13 deg²、极限通量约为1.7 × 10⁻¹⁵ erg cm⁻² s⁻¹(0.5–2 keV能段)的1,887个点状X射线源的高均质性星表。研究精确获得了logN-logS关系和X射线色-色图,确认约20%的类AGN源尽管具有高X射线光度,却在光学上未表现出核活动迹象,凸显了一类隐藏或光学厚(Compton-thick)AGN的存在。

ABSTRACT

The COSMOS survey is a multiwavelength survey aimed to study the evolution of galaxies, AGN and the large scale structure. The XMM-COSMOS is a deep X-ray survey over the full 2 deg2 of the COSMOS area. It consists of 55 XMM-Newton pointings for a total exposure of ~1.5 Ms with an average vignetting corrected depth of 40 ks across the field of view and a sky coverage of 2.13 deg2. We present the catalogue of point-like X-ray sources detected with the EPIC CCD cameras, the logN-logS relations and the X-ray colour-colour diagrams. The analysis was performed in the 0.5-2 keV, 2-10 keV and 5-10 keV energy bands. The completeness of the catalogue as well as logN-logS have been calibrated using Monte Carlo simulations. The catalogs contains a total of 1887 unique sources detected in at least one band. The survey, that shows unprecedented homogeneity, has a flux limit of ~1.7x10-15 erg cm-2 s-1, ~9.3x10-15 erg cm-2 s-1 and ~1.3x10-14 erg cm-2 s-1 over 90% of the area (1.92 deg2) in the 0.5-2 keV, 2-10 keV and 5-10 keV energy band, respectively. Thanks to the rather homogeneous exposure over a large area, the derived logN-logS relations are very well determined over the flux range sampled by XMM-COSMOS. These relations have been compared with XRB synthesis models, which reproduce the observations with an agreement of ~10% in the 5-10 keV and 2-10 keV band, while in the 0.5-2 keV band the agreement is of the order of ~20%. The hard X-ray colors confirmed that the majority of the extragalactic sources, in a bright subsample, are actually Type I or Type II AGN. About 20% of the sources have X-ray luminosity typical of AGN (L_X >1042 erg/s) although they do not show any clear signature of nuclear activity in the optical spectrum.

研究动机与目标

  • 从XMM-Newton在COSMOS场的巡天中创建一个全面且均质的X射线点源星表,覆盖2.13 deg²,具有深度曝光。
  • 利用蒙特卡洛模拟进行校准,以高统计精度确定logN-logS关系和源密度图。
  • 使用色-色图和谱硬化比表征河外源的X射线特性,识别AGN类型和遮蔽源群体。
  • 研究具有高X射线光度但无光学核活动迹象的AGN比例。
  • 验证巡天结果在多个能量波段与X射线背景(XRB)合成模型的一致性。

提出的方法

  • 巡天使用了55个XMM-Newton指向,总曝光时间约1.5 Ms,经过消光修正后,场内平均曝光约为40 ks。
  • 采用针对光栅扫描巡天优化的最大似然法进行源检测,检测阈值为det_ml > 10。
  • 利用蒙特卡洛模拟校准源的完备性、通量极限和logN-logS关系,覆盖0.5–2 keV、2–10 keV和5–10 keV能段。
  • 构建X射线硬化比(HR1、HR2)和色-色图,用于分类源的谱型,包括可能的Compton-thick候选源。
  • 利用光学光谱和多波段数据进行源的交叉识别和AGN类型分类,尤其在明亮子样本中。
  • 将结果与XRB合成模型(Gilli et al. 2007;Treister & Urry 2006)进行比较,以评估在不同能段的模型一致性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在COSMOS场中,0.5–10 keV能段的X射线源计数分布如何随通量变化(logN-logS)?
  • RQ2当前X射线背景(XRB)合成模型在多大程度上能再现不同能段的观测源计数?
  • RQ3具有X射线光度L_X > 10⁴² erg/s的X射线明亮源中,有多少比例未表现出AGN活动的光学特征?
  • RQ4哪些X射线色-色图模式表明存在Compton-thick或高度吸收的AGN?
  • RQ5该巡天的均质曝光在多大程度上减少了源密度测量中的宇宙方差?

主要发现

  • XMM-COSMOS巡天检测到1,887个独特的X射线点源(det_ml > 10),分别分布在0.5–2 keV(1,621个源)、2–10 keV(1,111个源)和5–10 keV(251个源)。
  • 巡天在90%的1.92 deg²区域内,0.5–2 keV能段的通量极限约为1.7 × 10⁻¹⁵ erg cm⁻² s⁻¹,2–10 keV能段约为9.3 × 10⁻¹⁵ erg cm⁻² s⁻¹,5–10 keV能段约为1.3 × 10⁻¹⁴ erg cm⁻² s⁻¹。
  • 所推导的logN-logS关系在2–10 keV和5–10 keV能段与XRB模型高度一致,偏差约10%以内;但在0.5–2 keV能段存在约20%的偏差。
  • 在具有光学光谱的明亮子样本中,65%被分类为I型AGN,约15%为II型AGN,其余为星系形成或发射线星系。
  • 约20%的X射线光度典型为AGN(L_X > 10⁴² erg/s)的源在光学上未表现出核活动迹象,表明存在一类隐藏或Compton-thick AGN。
  • 两个源(ID #2608和#131)的X射线色指数与Compton-thick AGN一致,其泄漏通量分别约为3%和1%,与XRB模型预测相符。

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