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Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumor in women worldwide and contributes significantly as the primary cause of female cancer related mortality. Hence, research is focused on discovering new and effective treatment targets. The breast tumor microenvironment (TME) comprising of recruited host stromal cells and tumor cells, has recently emerged as an important player in tumor progression, with the potential for future treatment. The TME comprises immune system elements (such

Cancer has long been considered a genetic disease characterized by a myriad of mutations that drive cancer progression. Recent accumulating evidence indicates that the dysregulated metabolism in cancer cells is more than a hallmark of cancer but may be the underlying cause of the tumor. Most of the well-characterized oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes function to sustain the altered metabolic state in cancer. Here, we review evidence supporting the altered metabolic state in cancer including ke

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the differential expression of markers related to metabolic, mitochondrial and autophagy status in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Methods Using tissue microarray sections generated from 740 cases of breast cancer, we performed immunohistochemical staining for Glut-1, CAIX, MCT4, ATP synthase, glutaminase, BNIP3, Beclin-1, LC3A, LC3B and p62. Based on the immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor (ER), proges

Autophagy-related markers are differentially expressed according to the molecular subtype of breast cancer. In particular, expression of LC3A, LC3B and beclin-1 was highest in TNBC tumour cells, whereas that of LC3A and LC3B in the tumour stroma was lowest in TNBC.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide, with a developmental process spanning decades. The malignant cells recruit a variety of cells including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, and adipocytes, creating the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment has emerged as active participants in breast cancer progression and response to treatment through autocrine and paracrine interaction with the malignant cells. Adipose tissue is abundant in the breast cance

We identified different patterns of expression of metabolism-related proteins according to the molecular subtypes of breast cancer defined by surrogate immunohistochemistry. Increased expression of HIF-1α, IGF-1, and MIF was noted in HER-2 type breast cancer and increased expression of Glut-1 and CAIX was noted in TNBC type breast cancer, especially in the basal-like subtype, which exhibited a glycolytic and acid-resistant tumor phenotype.

This study was performed to identify molecular subtypes of triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) based on immunohistochemical markers. We prepared a tissue microarray from TNBC specimens of 122 patients and performed immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), claudin 3, claudin 4, claudin 7, E-cadherin, androgen receptor (AR), and gammma-glutamyltransferase (GGT1). Based on immunoreactivity, tumors were classified into basal-like (CK5/6 posi

Studies have investigated biguanide-derived agents for the treatment of cancers and have reported their effects against tumorspheres (TSs). The purpose of this study was determining the effects of HL156A, a newly designed biguanide with improved pharmacokinetics, on glioblastoma TSs (GMB TSs) and assess the feasibility of this drug as a new line of therapy against glioblastoma, alone or combined with a conventional therapeutic agent, temozolomide(TMZ). The effects of HL156A, alone and combined w

We analyzed histopathological features of core needle biopsy (CNB) and surgical excision specimen comparatively in 129 patients with surgically proven phyllodes tumor (PT). Stromal characteristics including cellularity, atypia, mitosis, overgrowth, tissue fragmentation, and the tumor margin were assessed. Benign/borderline/malignant phyllodes tumor (PT) were diagnosed in 90 (69.8%)/30 (23.3%)/9 (7.0%) patients. Among the 90 cases of benign PTs, 67 cases (74.4%) were diagnosed concordantly in CNB

PPP-related proteins are differentially expressed in breast cancer according to molecular subtype, and higher expression of G6PDH and 6PGL was noted in HER-2 subtype.

A heterogeneous group of cancers for which the site of origin remains occult after detailed investigations is defined as carcinomas of unknown primary origin (CUPs). Because patients with CUP have a dismal prognosis, we have analyzed CUPs to highlight the implication of clinicopathologic factors related with patient survival. A total of 106 consecutive cases of CUP were collected. A two-step strategy of immunohistochemistry to assess CUPs according NCCN Guidelines is used to separate carcinomato