[论文解读] Food Productivity Trends from Hybrid Corn: Statistical Analysis of Patents and Field-test data
本研究利用1985年至2010年的专利率数据与美国各州的田间试验数据,采用广义摩尔定律模型估算年产量提升率,分析杂交玉米的生产率趋势。研究发现,年产量提升率稳定在1.2%至2.4%之间,基于专利率的估算为1.5%(R² = 0.74,p < 1.37×10⁻⁸)。研究显示,2008年以前的专利率数据最能预测实际田间表现,而专利引用次数与长期产量表现相关,但与早期引用无显著关联。
In this research we study productivity trends of hybrid corn - an important subdomain of food production. We estimate the yearly rate of yield improvement of hybrid corn (measured as bushel per acre) by using both information on yields contained in US patent documents for patented hybrid corn varieties and on field-test data of several hybrid corn varieties performed at US State level. We have used a generalization of Moore's law to fit productivity trends and obtain the performance improvement rate by analyzing time series of hybrid corn performance for a period covering the last thirty years. The linear regressions results obtained from different data sources indicate that the estimated improvement rates per year are between 1.2 and 2.4 percent. In particular, using yields reported in a sample of patents filed between 1985 and 2010, we estimated an improvement rate of 0.015 (R2 = 0.74, Pvalue = 1.37 x 10^-8). Moreover, we apply two predicting models developed by Benson and Magee (2015) and Triulzi and Magee (2016) that only use patent metadata to estimate the rate of improvement. We compare these predicted values to the rate estimated using US States field-test data. We find that, due to a turning point in patenting practices which begun in 2008, only the predicted rate (rate = 0.015) using patents filed before 2008 is consistent with the empirical rate. Finally, we also investigate at the micro level - on the basis of 70 patents (granted between 1986 and 2015) - whether the number of citations received by a patent is correlated with performance achieved by the patented variety. We find that the relative performance (yield ratio) of the patented seed is positively correlated with the total number of citations received by the patent (until December 2015) but not the citations received within 3 years after the granted year, with the patent application year used as control variable.
研究动机与目标
- 利用多种数据源量化过去三十年杂交玉米产量提升速率。
- 评估专利元数据作为农业生物技术实际田间表现代理指标的可靠性。
- 调查专利引用模式是否与受专利保护的玉米品种的实际产量表现相关。
- 评估2008年后专利实践变化对产量提升模型预测准确率的影响。
提出的方法
- 将广义摩尔定律模型应用于美国各州田间试验的杂交玉米产量时间序列数据。
- 使用线性回归从专利报告的产量和田间试验数据中估算年产量提升速率。
- 应用Benson和Magee(2015)以及Triulzi和Magee(2016)开发的两个预测模型,仅使用专利元数据来预测产量趋势。
- 对70项已授权的专利(1986–2015年)进行微观层面分析,以研究引用次数与产量表现之间的关系。
- 分别分析总体引用次数与授权后前三年内的引用次数,同时将专利申请年份作为控制变量。
- 将专利预测的提升速率与田间试验数据中实际观测到的速率进行比较,以评估模型的有效性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1过去三十年中,杂交玉米的年产量提升速率是多少?该速率基于田间试验数据与专利报告的产量数据如何衡量?
- RQ2专利元数据及2008年以前的专利实践模式在多大程度上能准确预测杂交玉米的实际田间表现?
- RQ3玉米专利获得的引用次数与该专利品种的实际产量表现之间是否存在显著相关性?
- RQ4当考虑授权后三年内获得的引用次数与总引用次数时,专利引用与产量表现之间的关系有何不同?
主要发现
- 基于田间试验数据与专利数据的线性回归分析,杂交玉米的年产量提升速率估计在1.2%至2.4%之间。
- 基于1985年至2010年间的专利数据,本研究估算出年产量提升速率为1.5%(R² = 0.74,p值 = 1.37×10⁻⁸)。
- 仅2008年以前的专利预测提升速率与实际田间试验速率一致,表明2008年后专利实践的变化影响了预测模型的有效性。
- 截至2015年12月,专利获得的总引用次数与受专利保护品种的相对产量表现呈正相关。
- 授权后前三年内获得的引用次数与产量表现无显著相关性,即使在控制申请年份后依然如此。
- 结果表明,长期引用次数比早期引用活动更能反映实际表现。
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