[论文解读] Interaction of a Hydrogen Refueling Station Network for Heavy-Duty Vehicles and the Power System in Germany for 2050

Philipp Kluschke, Fabian Neumann|RePEc: Research Papers in Economics|Aug 27, 2019

Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure被引用 5

一句话总结

本研究利用集成的基础设施与能源系统模型，对2050年德国重型货车（HDVs）氢燃料加氢站（HRS）与电力系统的协同优化进行建模。研究发现，将HRS部署与电网扩展相协调，可使全年能源系统总成本降低约10亿欧元，同时将绿氢的平准化氢成本（LCOH）降至5.66–6.20欧元/公斤，且受节点电价影响，不同地区间存在显著差异。

ABSTRACT

A potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector is to use alternatively fueled vehicles (AFV). Heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) emit a large share of GHG emissions in the transport sector and are therefore the subject of growing attention from global regulators. Fuel cell and green hydrogen technologies are a promising option to decarbonize HDVs, as their fast refueling and long vehicle ranges are in line with current logistic operation concepts. Moreover, the application of green hydrogen in transport could enable more effective integration of renewable energies (RE) across different energy sectors. This paper explores the interplay between HDV Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRS) that produce hydrogen locally and the power system by combining an infrastructure location planning model and an energy system optimization model that takes grid expansion options into account. Two scenarios - one sizing refueling stations in symbiosis with the power system and one sizing them independently of it - are assessed regarding their impacts on the total annual energy system costs, regional RE integration and the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). The impacts are calculated based on locational marginal pricing for 2050. Depending on the integration scenario, we find average LCOH of between 5.66 euro/kg and 6.20 euro/kg, for which nodal electricity prices are the main determining factor as well as a strong difference in LCOH between north and south Germany. From a system perspective, investing in HDV-HRS in symbiosis with the power system rather than independently promises cost savings of around one billion-euros per annum. We therefore conclude that the co-optimization of multiple energy sectors is important for investment planning and has the potential to exploit synergies.

研究动机与目标

• 评估到2050年在德国部署重型货车（HDVs）氢燃料加氢站（HRS）对系统总成本的影响。
• 评估将HRS与电力系统整合对可再生能源消纳及氢气生产成本的影响。
• 比较两种部署策略：HRS独立规划与与电力系统扩展协同部署。
• 量化节点边际电价对氢气平准化成本（LCOH）的影响。
• 识别德国各地氢气成本与基础设施效率的区域差异。

提出的方法

• 将HRS基础设施选址规划模型与包含电网扩展选项的能源系统优化模型相结合。
• 以节点电价（节点边际电价）作为关键输入，反映2050年不同地区的电价差异。
• 采用协同优化框架，同时确定最优HRS位置与电力系统投资。
• 建立两种情景：一种为HRS独立于电力系统规划，另一种为HRS部署与电网扩展协同进行。
• 采用现实的可再生能源容量、电解水制氢效率及重型货车加氢需求假设。
• 使用线性规划方法，在满足重型货车加氢需求与可再生能源消纳目标的前提下，最小化全年系统总成本。

实验结果

研究问题

• RQ1 将HRS部署与电力系统扩展协同优化，对全年能源系统总成本有何影响？
• RQ2 在不同HRS部署策略下，德国各地区氢气平准化成本（LCOH）如何变化？
• RQ3 HRS部署在多大程度上可促进电力系统中可再生能源的消纳？
• RQ4 节点电价在多大程度上影响不同地区绿氢的平准化成本（LCOH）？
• RQ5 将HRS基础设施与电网建设相协调，而非独立部署，能实现多大程度的成本节约？

主要发现

• 将HRS部署与电力系统扩展协同优化，相比独立规划HRS，可使全年能源系统总成本降低约10亿欧元。
• 氢气平准化成本（LCOH）在5.66欧元/公斤至6.20欧元/公斤之间，具体取决于整合情景，其中节点电价是主要成本驱动因素。
• 德国北部与南部之间存在显著的区域成本差异，北部因风能资源更丰富且电价更低，LCOH更低。
• 与电力系统协同部署HRS可更有效地促进可再生能源消纳，尤其在风能潜力高的地区。
• 独立部署HRS会导致系统成本上升，并造成可再生能源的低效利用，特别是在电价较高的地区。
• 本研究表明，多部门能源系统的协同优化对于实现重型货车交通的低成本脱碳至关重要。