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[论文解读] The host galaxy of the short GRB111117A at $z = 2.211$: impact on the short GRB redshift distribution and progenitor channels

J. Selsing, T. Krühler|HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)|Jul 3, 2017
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae参考文献 129被引用 11
一句话总结

本研究通过深空成像与光谱观测,确定了短伽马射线暴 GRB 111117A 宿主星系的光谱红移 z = 2.211,使其成为迄今最遥远的高置信度短伽马射线暴。该宿主星系光度高、恒星形成活跃,且其X射线推导出的氢柱密度在已知短伽马射线暴宿主中最高,挑战了前身体模型,并表明由于宿主星系过暗,高红移短伽马射线暴的可观测样本可能存在显著遗漏。

ABSTRACT

It is notoriously difficult to localize short $γ$-ray bursts (sGRBs) and their hosts to measure their redshifts. These measurements, however, are critical to constrain the nature of sGRB progenitors, their redshift distribution and the $r$-process element enrichment history of the universe. Here, we present spectroscopy of the host galaxy of GRB111117A and measure its redshift to be $z = 2.211$. This makes GRB111117A the most distant high-confidence short duration GRB detected to date. Our spectroscopic redshift supersedes a lower, previously estimated photometric redshift value for this burst. We use the spectroscopic redshift, as well as new imaging data to constrain the nature of the host galaxy and the physical parameters of the GRB. The rest-frame X-ray derived hydrogen column density, for example, is the highest compared to a complete sample of sGRBs and seems to follow the evolution with redshift as traced by the hosts of long GRBs (lGRBs). The host lies in the brighter end of the expected sGRB host brightness distribution at $z = 2.211$, and is actively forming stars. Using the host as a benchmark for redshift determination, we find that between 43 and 71 per cent of all sGRB redshifts should be missed due to host faintness for hosts at $z\sim2$. The high redshift of GRB111117A is evidence against a lognormal delay-time model for sGRBs through the predicted redshift distribution of sGRBs, which is very sensitive to high-$z$ sGRBs. From the age of the universe at the time of GRB explosion, an initial neutron star (NS) separation of $a_0 < 3.2~R_\odot$ is required in the case where the progenitor system is a circular pair of inspiralling NSs. This constraint excludes some of the longest sGRB formation channels for this burst.

研究动机与目标

  • 利用深空光谱观测精确测定短伽马射线暴 GRB 111117A 宿主星系的红移,以解决先前基于测光的估计。
  • 表征宿主星系的物理特性,包括恒星形成率、光度、尘埃含量及X射线吸收特性。
  • 评估宿主星系暗弱对高红移短伽马射线暴红移巡天完整性的潜在影响。
  • 通过利用 GRB 111117A 的高红移特性,约束延迟时间分布,以检验短伽马射线暴前身体模型。
  • 基于爆发时刻宇宙年龄,结合轨道衰减模型,推导中子星双星系统在形成时的初始间距。

提出的方法

  • 利用 ESO/VLT、TNG、Gemini North 和 GTC 望远镜获取 GRB 111117A 天区的深空光学与近红外成像及光谱数据。
  • 通过分析宿主星系光谱中的发射线与吸收线特征,完成光谱红移测量,获得 z = 2.211。
  • 通过X射线光 light curve 模型拟合,推导出宿主星系的本征X射线氢柱密度(NH),结果为迄今完整样本中最高者。
  • 基于多波段测光数据构建宿主星系的光谱能量分布(SED),用于估算恒星形成率、恒星质量与尘埃消光。
  • 结合爆发时刻宇宙年龄,利用轨道衰减模型约束中子星双星系统的初始间距。
  • 通过比较光度函数与探测阈值,估算在 z ~ 2 时,因宿主星系过暗而无法被探测到的短伽马射线暴比例。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1GRB 111117A 宿主星系的真实红移是多少?与先前的测光估计相比如何?
  • RQ2宿主星系的物理特性为何?包括其恒星形成率、光度与尘埃含量?
  • RQ3GRB 111117A 的高X射线推导氢柱密度与短伽马射线暴宿主总体样本相比如何?这对吸收机制有何启示?
  • RQ4由于宿主星系过暗,当前巡天对高红移短伽马射线暴群体的探测是否存在显著遗漏?遗漏程度如何?
  • RQ5GRB 111117A 的高红移特性对短伽马射线暴前身体延迟时间分布有何约束?特别是对对数正态分布与幂律分布模型而言?

主要发现

  • GRB 111117A 宿主星系的光谱红移为 z = 2.211,确认其为迄今最遥远的高置信度短伽马射线暴。
  • 宿主星系光度高,位于 z = 2.211 时预期短伽马射线暴宿主光度分布的明亮端,其恒星形成率处于短伽马射线暴宿主恒星形成率分布的上三分之一区间。
  • 本征X射线推导氢柱密度(NH)在完整样本中为最高,且其红移演化趋势与长伽马射线暴宿主一致。
  • 宿主星系未表现出显著尘埃消光,使得高NH值难以用典型吸收机制解释。
  • 若其他 z ~ 2 的短伽马射线暴宿主星系亮度与 GRB 111117A 宿主相当,则约 43% 至 71% 的宿主将因过暗而无法被探测,表明当前红移巡天可能存在显著探测偏倚。
  • 宇宙年龄在爆发时刻的约束表明,中子星双星系统的初始间距 a₀ < 3.2 R☉,排除了具有长 timescale 的前身体通道。

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