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[论文解读] Combining ultrahigh index with exceptional nonlinearity in resonant transition metal dichalcogenide nanodisks

George Zograf, Alexander Yu. Polyakov|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 22, 2023
2D Materials and ApplicationsMaterials Science被引用 3
一句话总结

该论文通过同时利用3R相二硫化钼(3R-MoS₂)的高二阶极化率(χ⁽²⁾)材料共振与纳米光子学偶极子共振,实现了其纳米盘中二次谐波产生(SHG)的5,000倍增强。该方法在单一共振纳米结构中结合了超高的折射率(n > 4.5)与优异的非线性特性,从而在近红外波段实现了强且可调谐的非线性光学响应。

ABSTRACT

Second-order nonlinearity in solids gives rise to a plethora of unique physical phenomena ranging from piezoelectricity and optical rectification to optical parametric amplification, spontaneous parametric down-conversion, and the generation of entangled photon pairs. Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as MoS$_2$, exhibit one of the highest known second-order nonlinear coefficients. However, the monolayer nature of these materials prevents the fabrication of resonant objects exclusively from the material itself, necessitating the use of external structures to achieve optical enhancement of nonlinear processes. Here, we exploit the 3R phase of a molybdenum disulfide multilayer for resonant nonlinear nanophotonics. The lack of inversion symmetry, even in the bulk of the material, provides a combination of a massive second-order susceptibility, an extremely high and anisotropic refractive index in the near-infrared region ($n>$~4.5), and low absorption losses, making 3R-MoS$_2$ highly attractive for nonlinear nanophotonics. We demonstrate this by fabricating 3R-MoS$_2$ nanodisks of various radii, which support resonant anapole states, and observing substantial ($>$ 100-fold) enhancement of second-harmonic generation in a single resonant nanodisk compared to an unpatterned flake of the same thickness. The enhancement is maximized at the spectral overlap between the anapole state of the disk and the material resonance of the second-order susceptibility. Our approach unveils a powerful tool for enhancing the entire spectrum of optical second-order nonlinear processes in nanostructured van der Waals materials, thereby paving the way for nonlinear and quantum high-index TMD-nanophotonics.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过利用具有强二阶非线性的体相3R-MoS₂,克服单层过渡金属二硫属化物(TMDs)在形成共振纳米结构方面的局限性。
  • 设计由3R-MoS₂构成的纳米盘,使其支持共振偶极子态,以增强非线性光学过程。
  • 实现偶极子共振与材料χ⁽²⁾共振之间的光谱重叠,以实现最大SHG增强。
  • 证明集成高折射率与高非线性材料可实现紧凑、高效的非线性纳米光子学器件。
  • 确立3R-MoS₂作为超越二次谐波产生的全TMD非线性光学的通用平台。

提出的方法

  • 利用电子束光刻与反应离子刻蚀技术,在玻璃基底上制备了不同半径的3R-MoS₂纳米盘。
  • 利用3R-MoS₂内在的非中心对称性,实现强二阶非线性(χ⁽²⁾),其DFT计算值在~950–960 nm处达到峰值。
  • 通过调控纳米盘尺寸,使其在近红外波段(800–1040 nm)支持偶极子态,以最大化光场局域化。
  • 在低泵浦功率(0.3 mW)下进行偏振分辨的SHG测量,以分离材料与光学增强的贡献。
  • 将偶极子共振与χ⁽²⁾共振之间的光谱重叠作为增强设计的关键原则。
  • 通过对比未图案化薄片、非共振纳米盘与共振纳米盘的SHG测量结果,量化增强因子。
Figure 1: 3R- \ce MoS2 material nonlinear optical properties in the 800 – 1040 nm range. a) Comparison of linear and nonlinear optical properties for several selected materials – maximum $|\chi^{(2)}|$ component of each material $vs.$ refractive index $n$ in the near-infrared spectral region. Inset
Figure 1: 3R- \ce MoS2 material nonlinear optical properties in the 800 – 1040 nm range. a) Comparison of linear and nonlinear optical properties for several selected materials – maximum $|\chi^{(2)}|$ component of each material $vs.$ refractive index $n$ in the near-infrared spectral region. Inset

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ13R-MoS₂纳米盘是否能在近红外波段支持共振偶极子态,从而增强二次谐波产生(SHG)?
  • RQ23R-MoS₂中高折射率(n > 4.5)与强χ⁽²⁾的结合,能在多大程度上增强非线性光学响应?
  • RQ3材料共振(χ⁽²⁾峰值)与纳米光子共振(偶极子态)如何共同贡献于SHG增强?
  • RQ4能否通过几何工程在近红外光谱范围内实现增强的可量化与可调谐?
  • RQ53R-MoS₂能否作为无需外部谐振器的自包含平台,用于集成非线性纳米光子学?

主要发现

  • 在最共振的3R-MoS₂纳米盘中,SHG实现了5,000倍的增强,相较于非共振条件,且比相同厚度的未图案化薄片高出400倍。
  • 光学偶极子共振贡献了约80倍的增强,而材料χ⁽²⁾共振在910 nm泵浦波长下额外提供了100倍的增益。
  • 在相同实验条件下,最共振纳米盘(D₁和D₂)的SHG信号比未图案化薄片高出两个多数量级。
  • 非共振纳米盘(D₃)与未图案化薄片仅表现出微弱的SHG增强,证实共振是实现显著增益的关键。
  • 最共振纳米盘的SHG光谱在410 nm处达到峰值,其信号强度比非共振情况高出100倍以上,且显著超过噪声水平。
  • 在~910 nm泵浦波长下,偶极子共振与χ⁽²⁾共振之间的光谱重叠被确定为实现最大增强的关键因素。
Figure 2: Linear optical properties of 3R- \ce MoS2 nanodisks. a) Numerical calculation of $|E|^{2}$ , characterizing the stored electromagnetic energy inside the 3R- \ce MoS2 nanodisk, in normalized units. A 1 , A 2 , A 3 – anapole-like states. Inset shows the schematics of the calculation geometry
Figure 2: Linear optical properties of 3R- \ce MoS2 nanodisks. a) Numerical calculation of $|E|^{2}$ , characterizing the stored electromagnetic energy inside the 3R- \ce MoS2 nanodisk, in normalized units. A 1 , A 2 , A 3 – anapole-like states. Inset shows the schematics of the calculation geometry

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