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[论文解读] Measurable versions of the Lov\'{a}sz Local Lemma and measurable graph colorings.

Anton Bernshteyn|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 25, 2016
Advanced Topology and Set Theory参考文献 37被引用 5
一句话总结

本文建立了洛瓦兹局部引理(LLL)在群作用于标准博雷尔空间时的可测版本与博雷尔版本,表明在局部有限或平移作用结构下,几乎处处可构造满足约束的可测着色。一个关键结果是,对自由群生成的平移图,其可测色数的渐近紧上界得到确定,解决了利昂斯与纳扎罗夫提出的问题,并利用熵与柯尔莫哥洛夫复杂度证明了阿贝尔群的逆命题。

ABSTRACT

In this paper we investigate the extent to which the Lov\'asz Local Lemma (an important tool in probabilistic combinatorics) can be adapted for the measurable setting. In most applications, the Lov\'asz Local Lemma is used to produce a function $f \colon X o Y$ with certain properties, where $X$ is some underlying combinatorial structure and $Y$ is a (typically finite) set. Can this function $f$ be chosen to be Borel or $\mu$-measurable for some probability Borel measure $\mu$ on $X$ (assuming that $X$ is a standard Borel space)? In the positive direction, we prove that if the set of constraints put on $f$ is, in a certain sense, "locally finite," then there is always a Borel choice for $f$ that is "$\varepsilon$-close" to satisfying these constraints, for any $\varepsilon > 0$. Moreover, if the combinatorial structure on $X$ is "induced" by the $[0;1]$-shift action of a countable group $\Gamma$, then, even without any local finiteness assumptions, there is a Borel choice for $f$ which satisfies the constraints on an invariant conull set (i.e., with $\varepsilon = 0$). A direct corollary of our results is an upper bound on the measurable chromatic number of the graph $G_n$ generated by the shift action of the free group $\mathbb{F}_n$ that is asymptotically tight up to a factor of at most $2$ (which answers a question of Lyons and Nazarov). On the other hand, our result for structures induced by measure-preserving group actions is, at least for amenable groups, sharp in the following sense: a probability measure-preserving action of a countably infinite amenable group satisfies the measurable version of the Lov\'asz Local Lemma if and only if it admits a factor map to the $[0;1]$-shift action. To prove this, we combine the tools of the Ornstein--Weiss theory of entropy for actions of amenable groups with concepts from computability theory, specifically, Kolmogorov complexity.

研究动机与目标

  • 将洛瓦兹局部引理推广至可测与博雷尔设定,其中解必须尊重可测或博雷尔结构。
  • 确定在何种条件下可构造满足局部约束的可测或博雷尔函数,特别是在群作用背景下。
  • 解决利昂斯与纳扎罗夫关于自由群平移图可测色数的问题。
  • 通过熵与柯尔莫哥洛夫复杂度,刻画阿贝尔群的保概率测度作用何时满足可测LLL。

提出的方法

  • 引入可测设定下的LLL近似版本,证明存在与约束满足ε-接近的函数。
  • 通过构造性概率方法,将莫泽-塔罗斯算法框架适配至可测与博雷尔设定。
  • 应用奥恩斯坦-伍兹熵理论工具分析阿贝尔群作用下约束的渐近行为。
  • 利用柯尔莫哥洛夫复杂度与一致离散性分析坏事件及其邻域的结构。
  • 在群作用的凯莱图上构造一系列参数化为大小与约束强度的博雷尔实例。
  • 通过证明:对于阿贝尔群,可测LLL成立当且仅当作用因子化为[0,1]-平移作用,从而建立逆命题结果,使用熵与测度论论证。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1洛瓦兹局部引理能否被调整,以在无限组合结构中产生满足局部约束的可测或博雷尔函数?
  • RQ2自由群Fn的平移作用生成图的可测色数是多少?其随n如何变化?
  • RQ3对于阿贝尔群,何种作用允许局部约束系统的可测解?
  • RQ4阿贝尔群作用的可测LLL是否等价于因子化为[0,1]-平移作用?
  • RQ5熵与柯尔莫哥洛夫复杂度如何共同刻画约束系统可测解的存在性?

主要发现

  • 自由群Fn生成的平移图的可测色数至多为2Δ + 2,且该界在渐近意义下紧致,仅相差因子2。
  • 对任意ε > 0,若约束系统为局部有限,则存在一个博雷尔函数,其满足约束的程度与完全满足相差不超过ε。
  • 若群作用由可数群的[0,1]-平移作用诱导,则存在一个博雷尔解,在余零不变子集上满足约束。
  • 对于阿贝尔群,保概率测度作用满足可测LLL当且仅当其存在到[0,1]-平移作用的因子映射。
  • 当且仅当存在任意大的LLL实例满足ε-正确时,作用的熵为无穷,这意味着可测解的存在性。

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