[论文解读] Shape dynamics and Mach's principles: Gravity from conformal geometrodynamics
本文提出形状动力学作为广义相对论的重表述,以局部共形不变性取代时空不变性,通过配置空间上的最佳匹配从马赫原理推导引力。关键成果是该理论消除了时间问题,具有线性约束和结构常数,为量子引力提供了新基础,并通过非局域动力学自然地与共形场论相联系。
In this PhD thesis, we develop a new approach to classical gravity starting from Mach's principles and the idea that the local shape of spatial configurations is fundamental. This new theory, "shape dynamics", is equivalent to general relativity but differs in an important respect: shape dynamics is a theory of dynamic conformal 3-geometry, not a theory of spacetime. Equivalence is achieved by trading foliation invariance for local conformal invariance (up to a global scale). After the trading, what is left is a gauge theory invariant under 3d diffeomorphisms and conformal transformations that preserve the volume of space. The local canonical constraints are linear and the constraint algebra closes with structure constants. Shape dynamics, thus, provides a novel new starting point for quantum gravity. The procedure for the trading of symmetries was inspired by a technique called "best matching". We explain best matching and its relation to Mach's principles. The key features of best matching are illustrated through finite dimensional toy models. A general picture is then established where relational theories are treated as gauge theories on configuration space. Shape dynamics is then constructed by applying best matching to conformal geometry. We then study shape dynamics in more detail by computing its Hamiltonian and Hamilton-Jacobi functional perturbatively. This thesis is intended as a pedagogical but complete introduction to shape dynamics and the Machian ideas that led to its discovery. The reader is encouraged to start with the introduction, which gives a conceptual outline and links to the relevant sections in the text for a more rigorous exposition. When full rigor is lacking, references to the literature are given. It is hoped that this thesis may provide a starting point for anyone interested in learning about shape dynamics.
研究动机与目标
- 基于马赫原理和空间形状的基本作用,发展一种新的引力经典理论。
- 通过以局部共形不变性替代 foliation 不变性,解决正则引力中的时间问题。
- 构建一个三维共形几何的规范理论,具有全局哈密顿量,为量子引力提供新起点。
- 通过非局域动力学建立形状动力学与边界共形场论之间的联系。
- 提供一个引力通过最佳匹配从关系性、背景无关原理中涌现的框架。
提出的方法
- 对空间几何应用最佳匹配程序,识别并消除与空间微分同胚和共形变换相关的冗余自由度。
- 构建一个正则形式,其中动力学由单个全局哈密顿量生成,取代广义相对论中的局部约束。
- 实施对称性交换机制,将 foliation 不变性替换为局部共形不变性,保持与广义相对论的等价性。
- 利用雅马贝问题固定共形类,确保每个共形等价类中存在唯一的代表度量。
- 进行大体积展开和哈密顿量的微扰计算,以分析经典极限和动力学。
- 通过正则变换和约束传播,在形状动力学与广义相对论之间建立字典。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1能否通过配置空间上的关系动力学和最佳匹配,从马赫原理推导出引力理论?
- RQ2如何通过以共形不变性替代时空不变性,解决正则引力中的时间问题?
- RQ3非局域性在形状动力学中起什么作用?它如何影响经典引力与量子引力之间的关系?
- RQ4形状动力学与共形场论有何关联,特别是在全息和RG流的背景下?
- RQ5是否存在一个基本原理,可唯一确定形状动力学哈密顿量,而无需参考广义相对论?
主要发现
- 形状动力学与广义相对论等价,但被表述为动态共形三维几何理论,其动力学由单个全局哈密顿量生成。
- 通过以局部共形不变性替代 foliation 不变性,该理论消除了时间问题,得到更简单的约束代数,其结构常数为常数。
- 形状动力学中的正则约束为线性,且约束代数以结构常数闭合,相比广义相对论更易于量化。
- 哈密顿量的微扰分析在主导阶与广义相对论一致,确认了经典等价性。
- 动力学的非局域性暗示了潜在的量子差异,特别是在紫外行为和重整化方面,尽管经典上等价。
- 该框架为探索全息对偶提供了自然设置,可能通过哈密顿量流与边界CFT中的RG流建立联系。
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