[论文解读] The Leaky Pipeline for Postdocs: A study of the time between receiving a PhD and securing a faculty job for male and female astronomers
本研究分析了天文学领域获得哲学博士(PhD)学位后至获得tenure-track(tenure-track)教职岗位之间的时间间隔,发现女性天文学家平均在获得博士学位后4.2年被聘用,而男性则为5.3年。通过劳动力市场模拟,作者得出结论:性别差距最合理的解释是女性退出学术人才库的速度是男性的3至4倍,而非招聘偏见或女性博士人数增加所致。
The transition between receiving a PhD and securing a tenure track faculty position is challenging for nearly every astronomer interested in working in academia. Here we use a publicly available database of recently hired faculty (the Astrophysics Job Rumor Mill) to examine the amount of time astronomers typically spend in this transitory state. Using these data as a starting point to examine the experiences of astronomy postdocs, we find that the average time spent between receiving a PhD and being hired into a faculty position is 4.9$\pm$0.3 years, with female astronomers hired on average 4.2$\pm$0.4 years after receiving a PhD while male astronomers are typically hired after 5.3$\pm$0.4 years. Using a simple model of the labor market, we attempt to recreate this gendered difference in time spent as a postdoc. We can rule out the role of the increasing representation of women among astronomy PhDs, as well as any bias in favor of hiring female astronomers in response to efforts to diversify the faculty ranks. Instead the most likely explanation is that female astronomers are leaving the academic labor market, at a rate that is 3-4 times higher than male astronomers. This scenario explains the distinct hiring time distributions between male and female astronomers, as well as the measured percentage of female assistant professors, and the fraction of female applicants within a typical faculty search. These results provide evidence that more work needs to be done to support and retain female astronomers during the postdoctoral phase of their careers.
研究动机与目标
- 调查男性与女性天文学家在获得博士学位后至获得tenure-track教职岗位之间的时间间隔。
- 确定观察到的招聘时间差异是否源于系统性招聘偏见,或源于学术人才库中的流失。
- 建立劳动力市场动态模型,评估哪些因素最能解释博士后时长的性别差异。
- 识别导致女性在天文学教职岗位中代表性不足的结构性与文化障碍。
- 为政策制定和机构支持策略提供依据,以改善女性博士后科学家的保留率。
提出的方法
- 利用公开的近期天文学教职招聘数据库(Astrophysics Job Rumor Mill),提取招聘年份与获得博士学位的年份。
- 通过从教职招聘年份中减去获得博士学位的年份,计算每位天文学家的博士后时长。
- 应用统计分析,比较男性与女性天文学家的中位数与平均博士后时长。
- 构建劳动力市场模拟模型,以检验多种竞争性假设:招聘偏见、女性博士人数增加、以及差异化的流失率。
- 使用类似蒙特卡洛的模拟方法,评估不同流失率对观察到的招聘时间分布的影响。
- 通过比较模拟的招聘时间分布与实证数据,重点分析博士后时长的性别差异,评估模型拟合度。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1男性与女性天文学家在获得博士学位后至获得tenure-track教职岗位的平均时间间隔是多少?
- RQ2女性博士在天文学领域代表性增加是否可以解释女性博士后时长更短的现象?
- RQ3是否可以通过为女性提供积极招聘政策来解释观察到的博士后时长性别差距?
- RQ4学术人才库中的流失在多大程度上影响了男性与女性天文学家博士后时长的差异?
- RQ5劳动力市场动态(包括不同的退出率)如何再现观察到的招聘时间分布?
主要发现
- 所有天文学家从获得博士学位到被聘用的平均时间为4.9 ± 0.3年。
- 女性天文学家在获得博士学位后4.2 ± 0.4年被聘用,显著早于男性天文学家的5.3 ± 0.4年。
- 观察到的博士后时长性别差距无法通过女性博士人数增加或积极招聘政策来解释。
- 最合理的解释是女性天文学家退出学术劳动力市场的速度是男性天文学家的3至4倍。
- 假设女性流失率更高的模型最能再现观察到的招聘时间分布以及女性助理教授的比例。
- 研究结果表明,系统性障碍(包括性骚扰和工作与生活平衡挑战)加剧了天文学领域‘人才漏斗’现象,尤其在博士后阶段。
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