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[论文解读] Understanding the interplay of entanglement and nonlocality: motivating and developing a new branch of entanglement theory

David Schmid, Thomas C. Fraser|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 20, 2020
Quantum Information and Cryptography参考文献 137被引用 15
一句话总结

本文倡导基于局部操作与共享随机性(LOSR)作为自由操作的新纠缠理论分支,证明LOS R可解决非局域性中的长期异常问题——例如部分纠缠态表现出强于最大纠缠态的非局域性——并实现对真实多体纠缠、非局域性及量子态自测试的统一、无病理性的资源理论描述。

ABSTRACT

A standard approach to quantifying resources is to determine which operations on the resources are freely available, and to deduce the partial order over resources that is induced by the relation of convertibility under the free operations. If the resource of interest is the nonclassicality of the correlations embodied in a quantum state, i.e., entanglement, then the common assumption is that the appropriate choice of free operations is Local Operations and Classical Communication (LOCC). We here advocate for the study of a different choice of free operations, namely, Local Operations and Shared Randomness (LOSR), and demonstrate its utility in understanding the interplay between the entanglement of states and the nonlocality of the correlations in Bell experiments. Specifically, we show that the LOSR paradigm (i) provides a resolution of the anomalies of nonlocality, wherein partially entangled states exhibit more nonlocality than maximally entangled states, (ii) entails new notions of genuine multipartite entanglement and nonlocality that are free of the pathological features of the conventional notions, and (iii) makes possible a resource-theoretic account of the self-testing of entangled states which generalizes and simplifies prior results. Along the way, we derive some fundamental results concerning the necessary and sufficient conditions for convertibility between pure entangled states under LOSR and highlight some of their consequences, such as the impossibility of catalysis for bipartite pure states. The resource-theoretic perspective also clarifies why it is neither surprising nor problematic that there are mixed entangled states which do not violate any Bell inequality. Our results motivate the study of LOSR-entanglement as a new branch of entanglement theory.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决纠缠与非局域性相互作用中的概念与操作异常,特别是部分纠缠态表现出强于最大纠缠态的非局域性这一反直觉现象。
  • 论证局部操作与共享随机性(LOSR)而非LOCC,才是描述贝尔场景中非经典关联的更合适框架。
  • 建立LOSR-纠缠的资源理论,提供对真实多体纠缠与非局域性的连贯、无异常的描述。
  • 证明LOSR可提供简化且推广化的纠缠态自测试框架,包括唯一性认证(至局部幺正等价)。
  • 阐明为何某些混合纠缠态不违反贝尔不等式,表明在LOSR范式下这并非悖论。

提出的方法

  • 形式化以LOSR作为自由操作集合的纠缠资源理论,其中各方拥有局部操作并可访问共享经典随机性,但无经典通信。
  • 推导出在LOSR下纯纠缠态之间可转换性的必要与充分条件,表明在LOSR下两体纯态无法发生催化。
  • 引入一种基于资源理论等价性的新自测试概念,即若一态在局部幺正等价下被唯一认证,则其为自测试态。
  • 将LOSR框架应用于解决‘非局域性异常’问题,表明在LOSR下定义的非局域性度量自然偏好部分纠缠态而非最大纠缠态。
  • 利用LOSR资源理论统一并推广先前关于纠缠 distillation、隐藏非局域性与非局域性博弈的研究结果。
  • 引入一种基于非局域性异常的单调量以量化LOSR-纠缠,并证明在某些网络结构中,经典-非经典边界与可分-不可分边界不同。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1为何部分纠缠态有时表现出强于最大纠缠态的非局域性?这一现象能否在一致的资源理论中得到解决?
  • RQ2共享随机性与经典通信在定义纠缠资源理论的自由操作中各自扮演何种角色?
  • RQ3如何定义真实多体纠缠与非局域性,以避免传统定义中的病态特征?
  • RQ4能否利用LOSR资源理论框架,对纠缠态的自测试进行推广与简化?
  • RQ5为何某些混合纠缠态不违反任何贝尔不等式?在LOSR范式下这一现象是否具有悖论性?

主要发现

  • LOSR范式通过证明部分纠缠态确实可表现出强于最大纠缠态的非局域性,解决了非局域性异常问题,且与资源理论排序一致。
  • LOSR-纠缠提供了真实多体纠缠与非局域性的新定义,无病理特征,避免了标准定义的不一致。
  • 在LOSR下,纠缠态的自测试被推广并简化,新定义基于在局部幺正等价下的唯一认证。
  • 两体纯态在LOSR下无法发生催化,这与LOCC框架形成对比,凸显了资源理论中的根本差异。
  • 本文表明,在LOSR下不违反任何贝尔不等式的混合纠缠态并非悖论,因为该框架中的自由态恰好是可分态。
  • LOSR资源理论统一并扩展了关于非经典关联的研究成果,包括导引集合、隐形传态态与非局域性博弈,表明其适用范围可能超越贝尔场景。

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