D.K. Inaoka

Recent studies on the respiratory chain of Ascaris suum showed that the mitochondrial NADH-fumarate reductase system composed of complex I, rhodoquinone and complex II plays an important role in the anaerobic energy metabolism of adult A. suum. The system is the major pathway of energy metabolism for adaptation to a hypoxic environment not only in parasitic organisms, but also in some types of human cancer cells. Thus, enzymes of the pathway are potential targets for chemotherapy. We found that

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHOD) from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcDHOD) is a member of family 1A DHOD that catalyzes the oxidation of dihydroorotate to orotate (first half-reaction) and then the reduction of fumarate to succinate (second half-reaction) in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. The oxidation of dihydroorotate is coupled with the reduction of FMN, and the reduced FMN converts fumarate to succinate in the second half-reaction. TcDHOD are known to be essential for survival and gro

Human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (HsDHODH) is a key enzyme of pyrimidine <i>de novo</i> biosynthesis pathway. It is located on the mitochondrial inner membrane and contributes to the respiratory chain by shuttling electrons to the ubiquinone pool. We have discovered ascofuranone (<b>1</b>), a natural compound produced by <i>Acremonium sclerotigenum</i>, and its derivatives are a potent class of HsDHODH inhibitors. We conducted a structure-activity relationship study and have identified functio

Malaria is one of the three major global health threats. Drug development for malaria, especially for its most dangerous form caused by Plasmodium falciparum, remains an urgent task due to the emerging drug-resistant parasites. Exploration of novel antimalarial drug targets identified a trifunctional enzyme, malate quinone oxidoreductase (MQO), located in the mitochondrial inner membrane of P. falciparum (PfMQO). PfMQO is involved in the pathways of mitochondrial electron transport chain, tricar

The emergence of parasites resistant to praziquantel, the only therapeutic agent, and its ineffectiveness as a prophylactic agent (inactive against the migratory/juvenile Schistosoma mansoni), make the development of new antischistosomal drugs urgent. The parasite's mitochondrion is an attractive target for drug development, because this organelle is essential for survival throughout the parasite's life cycle. We investigated the effects of 116 compounds against Schistosoma mansoni cercaria moti

<i>Eimeria tenella</i> is an intracellular apicomplexan parasite, which infects cecal epithelial cells from chickens and causes hemorrhagic diarrhea and eventual death. We have previously reported the comparative RNA sequence analysis of the <i>E. tenella</i> sporozoite stage between virulent and precocious strains and showed that the expression of several genes involved in mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), such as type II NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2), complex II (succinate:quinone oxi

<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> contains several mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) dehydrogenases shuttling electrons from the respective substrates to the ubiquinone pool, from which electrons are consecutively transferred to complex III, complex IV, and finally to the molecular oxygen. The antimalarial drug atovaquone inhibits complex III and validates this parasite's ETC as an attractive target for chemotherapy. Among the ETC dehydrogenases from <i>P. falciparum</i>, dihydroorotate de

Many open form (OF) structures of drug targets were obtained a posteriori by analysis of co-crystals with inhibitors. Therefore, obtaining the OF structure of a drug target a priori will accelerate development of potent inhibitors. In addition to its small active site, Trypanosoma cruzi dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (TcDHODH) is fully functional in its monomeric form, making drug design approaches targeting the active site and protein-protein interactions unrealistic. Therefore, a novel a priori

<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>'s resistance to available antimalarial drugs highlights the need for the development of novel drugs. Pyrimidine de novo biosynthesis is a validated drug target for the prevention and treatment of malaria infection. <i>P. falciparum</i> dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH) catalyzes the oxidation of dihydroorotate to orotate and utilize ubiquinone as an electron acceptor in the fourth step of pyrimidine de novo biosynthesis. PfDHODH is targeted by the inhibitor DSM2

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is a mitochondrial monotopic membrane protein that plays an essential role in the pyrimidine de novo biosynthesis and electron transport chain pathways. In <i>Eimeria tenella</i>, an intracellular apicomplexan parasite that causes the most severe form of chicken coccidiosis, the activity of pyrimidine salvage pathway at the intracellular stage is negligible and it relies on the pyrimidine de novo biosynthesis pathway. Therefore, the enzymes of the de novo pat