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The latest publications regarding the development of technology to control inclusion compositions focusing on MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusions were summarized in this review article. The problems caused by spinel inclusions, which affect practice as well as products were shown. The formation mechanism of MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusions is secondly explained thermodynamically from the view points of chemistries of molten steels and slag compositions. Furthermore, crystallization behaviour of spinel was in

This paper proposes a model called the gravity-compensated inverted pendulum mode (GCIPM) to generate a biped locomotion pattern that is similar to the one generated by the linear inverted pendulum mode, but accommodates the free leg dynamics based upon its predetermined trajectory. When the biped locomotion based upon the linear inverted pendulum mode is applied to real biped robots, the stability of the robot is disturbed due to the fact that the neglected dynamics of free legs is not actually

Due to its superior features compared to plain steel products, stainless steel has been widely used for various applications, since it is commercialized in the beginning of the 1900's. Since stainless steel is characterized by high chromium (and nickel) content, stainless steelmaking processes have been developed differently to those of ordinary steelmaking. However, like plain carbon steels, non‐metallic inclusions significantly influence the quality of stainless steel products. In order to gai

The FT-IR spectra of the CaO-SiO2 and CaO-SiO2-CaF2 slags were measured to understand the structural aspects of (fluoro-) silicate systems. The relative intensity of Si-O rocking band is very strong at SiO2 saturation condition and this band disappears in the composition greater than 44.1 (mol%) CaO in the CaO-SiO2 binary system. The bands for [SiO4]-tetrahedra at about 1 150-760 cm-1 split up with increasing content of CaO greater than 44.1 mol%. The IR bands in this wavenumber range are divide

The FT-IR spectra of the CaO–Al2O3 and CaO–Al2O3–CaF2 slags were measured to understand the structural aspects of (fluoro-) aluminate slags. The infrared spectra of the CaO–Al2O3 slag was interpreted based on the relationship between bond length and force constant of Al–O bond. Thereafter, the role of F- ions in the depolymerization of aluminate network was discussed. The wavenumbers of [AlO4]-tetrahedra higher than that of [AlO6]-octahedra would be originated from the Al–O bond length in tetrah

The quantitative structural information such as the relative abundance of silicate discrete anions (Qn units) and the concentration of three types of oxygens, viz. free–, bridging– and nonbridging oxygen can be obtained from micro–Raman spectra of the quenched CaO–SiO2–MnO glass samples. Various transport properties such as viscosity, density, and electrical conductivity can be expected as a simple linear function of ‘ln (Q3/Q2),’ indicating that these thermophysical properties are strongly depe