Keiko Yamada

Bergmann glia (BG) are unipolar cerebellar astrocytes, whose radial (or Bergmann) fibers associate with developing granule cells and mature Purkinje cells (PCs). In the present study, we investigated the morphodifferentiation of BG by immunohistochemistry for glutamate transporter GLAST and electron microscopy. GLAST was expressed widely in cerebellar radial glia/astrocytes during fetal and neonatal periods and became concentrated in BG postnatally. During the second postnatal week when PC dendr

To study cellular and subcellular localizations of the glutamate transporter EAAT4, antibody was raised against the N-terminal peptide. On immunoblotting the antibody recognized a band in membrane extracts from the cerebellum, but not from the forebrain. Immunohistochemistry revealed that its distribution was restricted to the cerebellar molecular layer, where the immunoreactivity was observed as numerous punctate stainings. Electron microscopy showed the antibody to label dendritic spines of th

The glutamate transporter GLT-1 is expressed in astrocytes of the mature brain and spinal cord. In the present study, we examined its expression in the developing mouse spinal cord. By in situ hybridization, 35S-labeled antisense oligonucleotide probes for GLT-1 mRNA consistently labeled the mantle zone/gray matter from embryonic day 11 through the adult stage. However, immunohistochemistry with a specific antibody visualized distinct regional and cellular localizations during the time between t

The reference values generated in this study could be employed to determine whether an individual has mobility comparable to independent community dwellers of the same age and sex.

Mobility decrease among elderly adults with disability is unrelated to age. However, the severity of care level is associated with mobility decrease.

Increased age (< 40 years) was associated with emerging mobility decrease, while that (≥ 40 years) was associated with any levels of mobility decrease. Female, lifestyle habits, including physical activities and overweight status, were associated with mobility decrease at every level.

Purpose: The peripheral adult human retina has been found to contain neuroepithelial stem cells. In this study, we examined the efficacy of an auto-transplant of peripheral retina into refractory macular holes (MH) from both anatomic and physiologic perspectives. Methods: The population consisted of four female patients aged 72, 82, 65 and 84 years (cases 1– 4, respectively) with persistent refractory MH status; internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling (case 1), ILM transplant (case 2), and inve

An energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer using a transition-edge sensor microcalorimeter with a scanning transmission electron microscope was applied to detect low concentrations of phosphorus (P) in an Fe–P–Mo–Mn alloy. The high energy resolution of 7.2 ± 0.9 eV was demonstrated in the measurements of P Kα signals, which were not visible in the spectra for a conventional silicon drift detector. The P detection limit estimated from the minimum mass fraction improves with the measurement time and