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The bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay has been widely accepted for studying in vivo detection of protein-protein interactions in several organisms. To facilitate the application of the BiFC assay to yeast research, we have created a series of plasmids that allow single-step, PCR-based C- or N-terminal tagging of yeast proteins with yellow fluorescent protein fragments for BiFC assay. By examination of several interacting proteins (Sis1-Sis1, Net1-Sir2, Cet1-Cet1 and Pho2-Pho4

An increasing body of evidence shows that the lipid droplet, a neutral lipid storage organelle, plays a role in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis through its interaction with mitochondria. However, the cellular functions and molecular mechanisms of the interaction remain ambiguous. Here we present data from transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence imaging, and reconstitution assays, demonstrating that lipid droplets physically contact mitochondria in vivo and in vitro. Using a bimole

D-Arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase catalysing the final step of D-erythroascorbic acid biosynthesis was purified from the mitochondrial fraction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based on the amino acid sequence analysis of the enzyme, an unknown open reading frame (ORF), YML086C, was identified as the ALO1 gene encoding the enzyme. The ORF of ALO1 encoded a polypeptide consisting of 526 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 59493Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme shared 32% and

Candida albicans possesses a cyanide-resistant respiratory pathway mediated by alternative oxidase (AOX), which seems to be encoded by a gene family with two members. Cloning and expression of AOX1a, one of the genes encoding alternative oxidase from C. albicans, has previously been reported [Huh and Kang (1999) J. Bacteriol. 181, 4098-4102]. In the present study we report the isolation of another gene coding for alternative oxidase, designated AOX1b. AOX1b contains a continuous open reading fra

D-Erythroascorbic acid was detected from the cell extracts of a dimorphic fungus, Candida albicans. Its concentration in yeast cells grown at 25 degrees C was estimated to be about 0.45 mumol/ml cell water. D-Arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase, which catalyses the final step in the biosynthesis of D-erythroascorbic acid, was purified 639-fold from the mitochondrial fraction of C. albicans to apparent homogeneity, with an overall yield of 21.2%, by a purification procedure consisting of Triton X-100 s

Candida albicans possesses a cyanide-resistant respiratory pathway mediated by alternative oxidase (AOX), which seems to be encoded by a gene family with two members. Cloning and expression of AOX1a, one of the genes encoding alternative oxidase from C. albicans, has previously been reported [Huh and Kang (1999) J. Bacteriol. 181, 4098–4102]. In the present study we report the isolation of another gene coding for alternative oxidase, designated AOX1b. AOX1b contains a continuous open reading fra

The AOX1 gene, which encodes an alternative oxidase, was isolated from the genomic DNA library of Candida albicans. The gene encodes a polypeptide consisting of 379 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 43,975 Da. The aox1/aox1 mutant strain did not show cyanide-resistant respiration under normal conditions but could still induce cyanide-resistant respiration when treated with antimycin A. The measurement of respiratory activity and Western blot analysis suggested the presence of anoth

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one-step PCR-mediated modification of chromosomal genes allows fast and efficient tagging of yeast proteins with various epitopes at the C- or N-terminus. For many purposes, C-terminal tagging is advantageous in that the expression pattern of epitope tag is comparable to that of the authentic protein and the possibility for the tag to affect normal folding of polypeptide chain during translation is minimized. As experiments are getting complicated, it is often necess

In some lower eukaryotes, D-erythroascorbic acid, a five-carbon analog of L-ascorbic acid, is present instead of L-ascorbic acid. We have cloned ALO1, the gene encoding D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase, which catalyzes the final step of D-erythroascorbic acid biosynthesis in Candida albicans. The ALO1 gene contained a continuous open reading frame of 1,671 bp that encodes a polypeptide consisting of 557 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 63,428 Da. To investigate the functional roles

Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is associated with cellular dysfunction, disease etiology, and senescence. Here, we used the eukaryotic model Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly studied for cellular aging, to demonstrate how defective mitochondrial function affects yeast replicative lifespan (RLS). We show that RLS of respiratory-deficient cells decreases significantly, indicating that the maintenance of RLS requires active respiration. T

Homologous recombination is exquisitely activated only during specific cell phases. In the G₁ phase, homologous recombination activity is completely suppressed. According to previous reports, the activation of homologous recombination during specific cell phases depends on the kinase activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). However, the precise regulatory mechanism and target substrates of CDK1 for this regulation have not been completely determined. Here, we report that the budd

Macroautophagy/autophagy is an important catabolic process for maintaining cellular homeostasis by adapting to various stress conditions. Autophagy is mediated by a double-membrane autophagosome, which sequesters a portion of cytoplasmic components for delivery to the vacuole. Several autophagy-related (<i>ATG</i>) genes play crucial roles in autophagosome formation. The induction of <i>ATG</i> genes must be tightly regulated to maintain a proper autophagic activity, but their regulatory mechani

Post-transcriptional regulation is an important mechanism for modulating gene expression and is performed by numerous mRNA-binding proteins. To understand the mechanisms underlying post-transcriptional regulation, we investigated the phosphorylation status of 32 mRNA-binding proteins under glucose deprivation conditions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identified 17 glucose-sensitive phosphoproteins and signal pathways implicated in their phosphorylation. Notably, phosphorylation of the eukaryoti

It has been reported in various model organisms that autophagy and the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) signaling are strongly involved in eukaryotic cell aging and decreasing TORC1 activity extends longevity by an autophagy-dependent mechanism. Thus, to expand our knowledge of the regulation of eukaryotic cell aging, it is important to understand the relationship between TORC1 signaling and autophagy. Many researchers have shown that TORC1 represses autophagy under normal growth conditions