Michael Hirscher

Globally, the accelerating use of renewable energy sources, enabled by increased efficiencies and reduced costs, and driven by the need to mitigate the effects of climate change, has significantly increased research in the areas of renewable energy production, storage, distribution and end-use. Central to this discussion is the use of hydrogen, as a clean, efficient energy vector for energy storage. This review, by experts of Task 32, “Hydrogen-based Energy Storage” of the International Energy A

Abstract Hydrogen adsorption in two different metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), MOF‐5 and Cu‐BTC (BTC: benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate), with Zn 2+ and Cu 2+ as central metal ions, respectively, is investigated at temperatures ranging from 77 K to room temperature. The process responsible for hydrogen storage in these MOFs is pure physical adsorption with a heat of adsorption of approximately –4 kJ mol –1 . With a saturation value of 5.1 wt.‐% for the hydrogen uptake at high pressures and 77 K, MOF‐

The separation of hydrogen isotopes for applications such as nuclear fusion is a major challenge. Current technologies are energy intensive and inefficient. Nanoporous materials have the potential to separate hydrogen isotopes by kinetic quantum sieving, but high separation selectivity tends to correlate with low adsorption capacity, which can prohibit process scale-up. In this study, we use organic synthesis to modify the internal cavities of cage molecules to produce hybrid materials that are

The paper gives a critical review of the literature on hydrogen storage in carbon nanostructures. Furthermore, the hydrogen storage of graphite, graphite nanofibers (GNFs), and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) was measured by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The samples were ball milled under Ar or D2 atmosphere in order to modify the microstructure which was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. These investigations s

Hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials has been attracting a great deal of attention in recent years, as high gravimetric H2 capacities, exceeding 10 wt% in some cases, can be achieved at 77 K using materials with particularly high surface areas. However, volumetric capacities at low temperatures, and both gravimetric and volumetric capacities at ambient temperature, need to be improved before such adsorbents become practically viable. This article therefore discusses approaches to increasing

Pyrdine incorporation into the covalent organic framework COF-1 resulted in a highly dense packing structure in which the pyridine occupies the hexagonal pore space between the COF layers. This optimizes pore aperture for quantum sieving of hydrogen isotopes and introduces flexibility at cryogenic temperatures into the system. The separation factor (S) is about 10 at 22 K, which is the highest reported to date. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information

The article gives a comprehensive overview of hydrogen storage in carbon nanostructures, including experimental results and theoretical calculations. Soon after the discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991, different research groups succeeded in filling carbon nanotubes with some elements, and, therefore, the question arose of filling carbon nanotubes with hydrogen by possibly using new effects such as nano-capillarity. Subsequently, very promising experiments claiming high hydrogen storage capacit

Considerable progress has been made recently in the use of nanoporous materials for hydrogen storage. In this article, the current status of the field and future challenges are discussed, ranging from important open fundamental questions, such as the density and volume of the adsorbed phase and its relationship to overall storage capacity, to the development of new functional materials and complete storage system design. With regard to fundamentals, the use of neutron scattering to study adsorbe

The metal-organic framework, MFU-4, possessing small cavities and apertures, is exploited for quantum sieving of hydrogen isotopes. Quantum mechanically, a molecule confined in a small cavity shows an increase in effective size depending on the particle mass, which leads to a faster deuterium adsorption from a H(2)/D(2) isotope mixture.

Pore size matters: The heat of adsorption for hydrogen is determined over a wide range of surface coverages for activated carbon and several metal–organic frameworks. Heat determination is based on hydrogen adsorption measurements performed at temperatures between 77 and 296 K (see figure, BTC=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate). The materials with smaller cavities show a higher heat of adsorption for hydrogen.

Three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been demonstrated as a new class of templates for nanoparticles. Photodecomposition of the [Pd(η(3)-C(3) H(5))(η(5)-C(5)H(5))]@COF-102 inclusion compound (synthesized by a gas-phase infiltration method) led to the formation of the Pd@COF-102 hybrid material. Advanced electron microscopy techniques (including high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography) along with other conventional chara