[论文解读] SoK - Security and Privacy in the Age of Drones: Threats, Challenges, Solution Mechanisms, and Scientific Gaps

Ben Nassi, Asaf Shabtai+2 more|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 12, 2019

Advanced Neural Network Applications参考文献 75被引用 51

一句话总结

本综述对无人机带来的社会威胁进行综述，评估学术界和行业的探测与缓解方法在不同条件下的有效性，并概述科学差距与未来方向。

ABSTRACT

The evolution of drone technology in the past nine years since the first commercial drone was introduced at CES 2010 has caused many individuals and businesses to adopt drones for various purposes. We are currently living in an era in which drones are being used for pizza delivery, the shipment of goods, and filming, and they are likely to provide an alternative for transportation in the near future. However, drones also pose a significant challenge in terms of security and privacy within society (for both individuals and organizations), and many drone related incidents are reported on a daily basis. These incidents have called attention to the need to detect and disable drones used for malicious purposes and opened up a new area of research and development for academia and industry, with a market that is expected to reach $1.85 billion by 2024. While some of the knowledge used to detect UAVs has been adopted for drone detection, new methods have been suggested by industry and academia alike to deal with the challenges associated with detecting the very small and fast flying objects. In this paper, we describe new societal threats to security and privacy created by drones, and present academic and industrial methods used to detect and disable drones. We review methods targeted at areas that restrict drone flights and analyze their effectiveness with regard to various factors (e.g., weather, birds, ambient light, etc.). We present the challenges arising in areas that allow drone flights, introduce the methods that exist for dealing with these challenges, and discuss the scientific gaps that exist in this area. Finally, we review methods used to disable drones, analyze their effectiveness, and present their expected results. Finally, we suggest future research directions.

研究动机与目标

• 描述由无人机带来的新兴且持续演变的安全与隐私威胁。
• 评审在受限区域和开放天空中对无人机的探测方法。
• 评审使无人机失效/禁用的方法并评估其有效性。
• 分析无人机安全研究中的挑战与科学差距。
• 提出未来的研究方向和政策考虑。

提出的方法

• 对来自学术与产业来源的120种探测与禁用方法进行调研与分类。
• 分析探测方法在气候、鸟类、环境光线和探测距离等因素下的有效性。
• 将威胁映射到无人机类型（Nano、Micro、Mini）及使用场景（受限区域与开放天空区域）。
• 评估现有传感方式（雷达、射频、光学、声学）的局限性以及成本考量。
• 识别科学差距并提出研究与开发方向。

实验结果

研究问题

• RQ1 无人机现在及近期将带来哪些主要的安全与隐私威胁？
• RQ2 在受限飞行区域，当前探测无人机的方法在不同环境与运营条件下的有效性如何？
• RQ3 在允许飞行的区域探测和缓解无人机面临哪些挑战与差距？
• RQ4 有哪些使无人机失效/禁用的方法？在实际中效果如何？
• RQ5 哪些未来研究方向最有前景以提升对无人机威胁的社会防御？

主要发现

• 无人机带来多种威胁，包括间谍活动、走私、实体攻击和网络攻击，具有蜂群化和高影响力场景的潜力。
• 地理围栏和专用探测方法在受限区域可能有效，但在不利条件下，小型、快速的 Nano/Micro/Mini 无人机仍然存在显著的探测挑战。
• 射频扫描仪、雷达、光学和声学传感器各有优缺点；单一方法不足以覆盖，需要多传感融合。
• 探测有效性随环境因素（光照、天气、鸟类）和运营因素（距离、视线、成本）而异。
• 在人口密集区域处理无人机以及开发稳健的禁用机制方面存在显著科学差距，呼吁未来的研究方向和政策考虑。
• 本文强调反无人机市场的增长，以及在开放天空的收益与隐私和安全风险之间寻求平衡的必要性。