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[论文解读] Ultrasound imaging of the human body with three dimensional full-wave nonlinear acoustics. Part 1: simulations methods

Gianmarco Pinton|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 15, 2020
Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging参考文献 18被引用 6
一句话总结

本论文首次基于可见人数据集生成的解剖学精确声学图谱,实现了人体医学成像的3D全波非线性超声仿真。通过有限差分法从第一性原理模拟波传播与背向散射,结果表明谐波成像因波束剖面更窄且相位畸变较低(23.4 ns),图像质量更优(CNR = 0.79 vs. 0.67),从而能够真实评估3D成像中图像退化的来源。

ABSTRACT

Simulations of three dimensional ultrasound propagation in heterogeneous media are computationally intensive due to the constraints arising from the large size of the domain, which is on the order of hundreds of wavelengths, and the small size of scatterers, which are much smaller than a wavelength. Consequently, three dimensional ultrasound imaging simulations are currently based on models that simplify the propagation physics. Here the full three dimensional wave physics is simulated with finite differences to generate ultrasound images of the human body based directly on the first principles of propagation and backscattering. The Visible Human project, a 3D data set of the human body that was generated with photographs of 0.33 mm cryosections, is converted into 3D acoustical maps. A full-wave nonlinear acoustic simulation tool is used to propagate ultrasound into the liver with a 2D intercostal ultrasound array in a $93 imes 39 imes 22$ mm domain with $6 imes10^8$ points. Imaging metrics, based on the beamplots, root-mean-square phase aberration, spatial coherence lengths, and contrast-to-noise ratio are used to characterize the image quality. It is shown that the harmonic image quality is better than the fundamental image quality due, in part, to a narrower beam profile. The root-mean-square estimate of aberration after propagation through the simulated body wall is shown to be low (23.4 ns), consistently with previous reports of aberration measured experimentally in a human body wall. The spatial coherence measured at the transducer surface indicates that a transducer array element size of $<0.81 λ$ would be required to fully sample the acoustic field. These simulated three dimensional ultrasound images based directly on propagation physics provide a platform to investigate the sources of image degradation in three dimensions (included in Part II).

研究动机与目标

  • 开发基于第一性原理波动物理的高保真3D超声仿真框架,用于人体成像。
  • 通过在基于可见人数据集生成的3D声学图谱上使用有限差分法,克服在包含亚波长散射体的大域仿真中的计算挑战。
  • 实现在真实解剖结构下对波束剖面、相位畸变、相干性及对比度-噪声比等图像质量指标的精确表征。
  • 为在第II部分中详细研究3D中混响与分布性畸变等图像退化机制奠定基础。
  • 通过对比经肋骨肝脏成像场景中基频与谐波成像的性能,验证仿真平台的有效性。

提出的方法

  • 将基于0.33 mm冷冻切片的可见人3D光学数据集转换为详细的3D声学特性图谱(声速、密度、衰减)。
  • 应用Fullwave有限差分求解器,模拟非均匀组织中全波物理的3D非线性超声传播,包括 diffraction(衍射)、散射、非线性效应及频率相关衰减。
  • 使用2D经肋阵列在2 MHz频率发射脉冲,并在93×39×22 mm域内接收背向散射信号,网格点数达6×10⁸。
  • 在横向与矢状方向实现延迟叠加波束成形与动态接收聚焦,使用201,000个仿真点作为虚拟阵元。
  • 通过发射端的高斯滤波与两倍发射频率的滤波,分离基频与谐波分量。
  • 采用波束图、均方根相位畸变、空间相干长度及对比度-噪声比(CNR)对图像质量进行定量评估。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1基于第一性原理的全波非线性3D超声仿真与简化模型相比,在预测非均匀人体组织中图像质量方面表现如何?
  • RQ2组织非均质性与体壁对经肋超声成像中相位畸变与波束剖面有何影响?
  • RQ3在真实3D解剖模型中,谐波成像与基频成像在波束宽度、旁瓣电平与对比度-噪声比方面有何差异?
  • RQ4基于空间相干性测量,为完全采样声场,换能器元件尺寸应满足什么要求?
  • RQ5全波仿真揭示的3D经肋超声成像中图像退化的主要来源(如混响与畸变)是什么?

主要发现

  • 仿真得到的谐波图像对比度-噪声比更高(CNR = 0.79),优于基频图像(CNR = 0.67),表明病变检出能力更强。
  • 经仿真体壁传播后,均方根相位畸变为23.4 ns,与实验测量结果一致,表明存在中等程度畸变。
  • 空间相干性分析表明,换能器元件尺寸必须小于0.81λ,才能完全采样声场,从而确立关键设计约束。
  • 基频与谐波模式的波束图显示波束宽度与旁瓣电平相近,但谐波成像表现出更窄的有效波束剖面,有助于提升分辨率。
  • 在基频与谐波B型图像中,近场组织层(0–30 mm)及肝脏内部结构(48 mm与60 mm深度)均清晰可见。
  • 该仿真框架成功生成了首个基于全波非线性传播物理的3D超声图像,直接作用于真实人体模型,为深入研究图像退化机制提供了可能。

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