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[论文解读] Commuting Local Hamiltonian Problem on 2D beyond qubits

Sandy Irani, Jiaqing Jiang|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 10, 2023
Quantum Computing Algorithms and ArchitectureComputer Science被引用 3
一句话总结

该论文解决了二维系统中超越量子比特的可交换局部哈密顿量(CLH)的复杂性问题,通过非构造性证明证明了二维晶格上的三量子比特CLH问题属于NP。此外,它表明无论任意维度的量子位(qudit)如何,二维晶格上的因子化CLH等价于量子比特稳定算符哈密顿量的直和,从而将其置于NP类中。这些结果扩展了先前对量子比特的研究,并为量子多体系统和量子PCP猜想提供了新的结构洞见。

ABSTRACT

We study the complexity of local Hamiltonians in which the terms pairwise commute. Commuting local Hamiltonians (CLHs) provide a way to study the role of non-commutativity in the complexity of quantum systems and touch on many fundamental aspects of quantum computing and many-body systems, such as the quantum PCP conjecture and the area law. Despite intense research activity since Bravyi and Vyalyi introduced the CLH problem two decades ago [BV03], its complexity remains largely unresolved; it is only known to lie in NP for a few special cases. Much of the recent research has focused on the physically motivated 2D case, where particles are located on vertices of a 2D grid and each term acts non-trivially only on the particles on a single square (or plaquette) in the lattice. In particular, Schuch [Sch11] showed that the CLH problem on 2D with qubits is in NP. Aharonov, Kenneth and Vigdorovich~[AKV18] then gave a constructive version of this result, showing an explicit algorithm to construct a ground state. Resolving the complexity of the 2D CLH problem with higher dimensional particles has been elusive. We prove two results for the CLH problem in 2D: (1) We give a non-constructive proof that the CLH problem in 2D with qutrits is in NP. As far as we know, this is the first result for the commuting local Hamiltonian problem on 2D beyond qubits. Our key lemma works for general qudits and might give new insights for tackling the general case. (2) We consider the factorized case, also studied in [BV03], where each term is a tensor product of single-particle Hermitian operators. We show that a factorized CLH in 2D, even on particles of arbitrary finite dimension, is equivalent to a direct sum of qubit stabilizer Hamiltonians. This implies that the factorized 2D CLH problem is in NP. This class of CLHs contains the Toric code as an example.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决二维系统中超越量子比特的可交换局部哈密顿量问题(CLH)的复杂性,特别是针对维度大于2的量子位。
  • 将Schuch关于二维量子比特CLH属于NP的结果推广至更高维度的量子位,特别是三量子比特。
  • 建立因子化二维CLH与量子比特稳定算符哈密顿量直和之间的结构等价性,无论量子位维度如何。
  • 提供适用于一般量子位系统的新型工具与引理,可能推动解决更广泛的CLH复杂性问题。

提出的方法

  • 基于$C^*$-代数结构理论的非构造性证明,表明三量子比特CLHP-2D属于NP,其核心依赖于哈密顿量在简单子空间中表现为稳定算符哈密顿量的存在的论证。
  • 应用来自$C^*$-代数的结构引理,将希尔伯特空间分解为在可交换算符下不变的子空间,从而实现向量子比特稳定算符形式的约化。
  • 引入一种技术,通过酉变换将每个量子位的局部希尔伯特空间转化为量子比特空间的张量积,同时保持可交换性和本征值结构。
  • 通过利用各项的张量积结构及其可交换性,将因子化CLH问题约化为量子比特稳定算符哈密顿量的直和。
  • 在NP中采用验证者-证明者框架,其中证明者提供子空间和酉变换,验证者可在多项式时间内检查不变性与本征值一致性。
  • 通过证明对偶晶格映射保持哈密顿量结构,建立二维晶格中顶点上与边上量子位之间的等价性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1尽管缺乏构造性算法,二维晶格上三量子比特CLH问题是否属于NP?
  • RQ2能否将二维晶格上因子化的可交换局部哈密顿量(其中每一项为单粒子算符的张量积)约化为量子比特稳定算符哈密顿量?
  • RQ3CLH问题的复杂性在超越量子比特后是否仍保持可处理性,特别是对于任意有限维的量子位?
  • RQ4能否利用$C^*$-代数的结构结果,证明非量子比特CLH属于NP?
  • RQ5在二维可交换哈密顿量系统中,顶点上的量子位与边上的量子位是否等价?

主要发现

  • 三量子比特CLHP-2D属于NP,其证明基于非构造性论证,依赖于哈密顿量在某一简单子空间中可约化为稳定算符形式的存在的事实。
  • 对于因子化二维CLH,无论量子位维度如何,整个哈密顿量等价于量子比特稳定算符哈密顿量的直和,从而表明其属于NP。
  • 该证明引入了一个关于可交换算符的一般性引理,可能对将结果推广至任意量子位具有潜在用途。
  • 通过双重晶格构造,建立了二维晶格中顶点与边上量子位之间的等价性,且哈密顿量结构得以保持。
  • 三量子比特CLHP-2D的投影版本属于NP,意味着一般版本也属于NP,可通过本征值见证实现约化。
  • 该结果证实,即使在更高维的量子位下,可交换结构仍允许对基态能量进行经典验证,表明该子类具有更强的“经典”特性。

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