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[论文解读] Distribution of Telecom Entangled Photons through a 7.7 km Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fiber

Michael Antesberger, Carla M. D. Richter|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 2, 2023
Quantum Information and CryptographyComputer Science参考文献 51被引用 3
一句话总结

该论文首次通过7.7公里的抗共振空芯光纤(AR-HCF)实现了电信波段时间-比特纠缠光子的远距离分发,实现了高保真度的纠缠态保持。AR-HCF的低色散特性使得时间-比特间隔可缩小至140 ps,相比传统实心芯光纤显著提升了时间-比特量子密钥分发协议中的安全密钥率。

ABSTRACT

State of the art classical and quantum communication rely on standard optical fibers with solid cores to transmit light over long distances. However, recent advances have led to the emergence of antiresonant hollow-core optical fibers (AR-HCFs), which due to the novel fiber geometry, show remarkable optical guiding properties, which are not as limited by the material properties as solid-core fibers. In this paper, we explore the transmission of entangled photons through a novel 7.7 km AR-HCF in a laboratory environment at 1550 nm, presenting the first successful demonstration of entanglement distribution via a long AR-HCF. In addition to showing these novel fibers are compatible with long distance quantum communication, we highlight the low latency and low chromatic dispersion intrinsic to AR-HCF, which can increase the secure key rate in time-bin based quantum key distribution protocols.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过一种具有优异光学特性的新型光纤——7.72公里抗共振空芯光纤(AR-HCF),演示时间-比特纠缠光子的远距离分发。
  • 解决传统实心芯光纤在量子通信中的局限性,特别是量子光源需移频至C波段以及使用昂贵探测器的问题。
  • 评估AR-HCF在不同时间-比特间隔下保持纠缠保真度的性能,并与标准SMF28光纤进行比较。
  • 量化色散和探测器抖动对AR-HCF中长距离量子通信纠缠保真度的影响。
  • 确立AR-HCF作为未来支持量子器件本征波长运行的宽带量子网络骨干的可行性。

提出的方法

  • 利用1550 nm波长的自发参量下转换源生成偏振-时间-比特纠缠的贝尔态 |Ψ⁻⟩。
  • 将时间-比特量子比特通过7.72 km的AR-HCF传输,其在1550 nm波长下的色散参数约为~2 ps/nm·km。
  • 使用低抖动的超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPDs)在传输后测量时间-比特量子比特。
  • 通过两量子比特量子态层析技术重建密度矩阵,并利用 concurrence 和纯度量化纠缠保真度。
  • 在不同时间-比特间隔(Δt)下,比较AR-HCF与标准SMF28光纤的纠缠保持性能。
  • 对重叠时间-比特效应建模为探测器误报计数,以解释小Δt下观察到的concurrence和纯度下降现象。
Figure 1: Experimental Apparatus: a) A schematic of the full experimental setup. Panel b) shows a simplified “unfolded” setup with color coded panels corresponding to different sections of Panel a) . See the main text for a detailed explanation of each section of the experiment. Panel c) displays a
Figure 1: Experimental Apparatus: a) A schematic of the full experimental setup. Panel b) shows a simplified “unfolded” setup with color coded panels corresponding to different sections of Panel a) . See the main text for a detailed explanation of each section of the experiment. Panel c) displays a

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1时间-比特纠缠光子能否在7.7 km的抗共振空芯光纤中成功分发且保真度损失可忽略?
  • RQ2AR-HCF的色散特性与传统SMF28光纤相比,在小时间-比特间隔下对纠缠保持的性能如何?
  • RQ3与色散效应相比,探测器抖动在AR-HCF中对纠缠保真度的限制程度如何?
  • RQ4AR-HCF能否支持比SMF28更小的时间-比特间隔,从而在时间-比特QKD中实现更高的安全密钥率?
  • RQ5光纤的低非线性和接近c的群速度对量子网络可扩展性有何影响?

主要发现

  • 实验成功实现了7.7 km AR-HCF中的纠缠分发,由于去极化效应,concurrence从0.9482 ± 0.0007下降至0.901 ± 0.006,纯度从0.9493 ± 0.0008下降至0.875 ± 0.006。
  • AR-HCF在时间-比特间隔小至140 ps时仍能保持高纠缠保真度,而SMF28光纤在Δt ≈ 300 ps时已出现显著保真度损失。
  • AR-HCF中更低的色散允许在不降质的情况下实现更小的时间-比特间隔,从而提升时间-比特QKD协议中的密钥率。
  • 小Δt下观察到的性能退化主要源于探测器抖动,而非色散效应,表明色散在AR-HCF中并非限制因素。
  • AR-HCF的低色散(2 ps/nm·km)和接近c的群速度为低延迟、高带宽的量子通信提供了内在优势。
  • 结果表明,AR-HCF可支持量子源本征波长的量子通信,避免了频率移频以及昂贵的InGaAs-APD或SNSPD系统的需求。
Figure 2: Latency Measurements: a) The normalized arrival-time histogram between Photon 1 and 2 after transmission of the entangled time-bin qubit through either $7.7$ km of NANF (blue) or $7.8$ km SMF28 (red) fiber. The photons arrive $13.11\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mu$ s earlier when traversing the NA
Figure 2: Latency Measurements: a) The normalized arrival-time histogram between Photon 1 and 2 after transmission of the entangled time-bin qubit through either $7.7$ km of NANF (blue) or $7.8$ km SMF28 (red) fiber. The photons arrive $13.11\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mu$ s earlier when traversing the NA

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