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[论文解读] Sub-universal variational circuits for combinatorial optimization problems

Gal Weitz, Lirandë Pira|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 29, 2023
Quantum Computing Algorithms and ArchitectureComputer Science被引用 3
一句话总结

本文提出了PAOA(概率近似优化算法),一种使用两比特随机矩阵的经典变分电路,用于求解最大割等组合优化问题。结果表明,PAOA在各种图类型上均优于QAOA,尤其在较大图上表现更优,以极少的超参数调优即可实现更高的近似比,表明次通用的经典电路或可作为量子优势声明的有力基准。

ABSTRACT

Quantum variational circuits have gained significant attention due to their applications in the quantum approximate optimization algorithm and quantum machine learning research. This work introduces a novel class of classical probabilistic circuits designed for generating approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems constructed using two-bit stochastic matrices. Through a numerical study, we investigate the performance of our proposed variational circuits in solving the Max-Cut problem on various graphs of increasing sizes. Our classical algorithm demonstrates improved performance for several graph types to the quantum approximate optimization algorithm. Our findings suggest that evaluating the performance of quantum variational circuits against variational circuits with sub-universal gate sets is a valuable benchmark for identifying areas where quantum variational circuits can excel.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一种经典变分电路的类比,以公平地基准化如QAOA等量子算法。
  • 探究次通用经典电路是否能在组合优化问题上匹配或超越量子变分电路的性能。
  • 为近期应用提供一种实用且可硬件实现的经典替代方案,以替代QAOA等量子方法。
  • 评估受限门集的变分电路性能,作为识别量子优势可能出现位置的代理指标。
  • 探索p-bit与概率电路作为成本效益高、性能优异的量子解决方案替代方案的潜力。

提出的方法

  • 提出PAOA,一种基于参数化两比特随机矩阵的经典变分电路,受QAOA启发,但完全在经典概率空间中运行。
  • 使用p-bit——表示0和1混合状态的经典概率比特——实现物理层面的可实施性,适配现有技术。
  • 采用基于梯度的优化方法训练电路参数,与QAOA方法保持一致,确保公平比较。
  • 引入变体如Reduced PAOA和Min PAOA,通过控制参数数量研究模型容量对优化性能的影响。
  • 在多种图类型(包括Erdős–Rényi和Barabási–Albert网络)的Max-Cut问题上测试该方法,图规模逐步增大。
  • 以近似比为主要指标,与QAOA、暴力搜索、随机猜测以及Goemans-Williamson算法进行对比。
Figure 1: Perspective on the relationship between three model classes considered in this work. Parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) are the paradigm that represents the largest class of parameterized quantum algorithms. QAOA (Farhi et al. [ 4 ] ) is a popular example. PAOA represents a class of pro
Figure 1: Perspective on the relationship between three model classes considered in this work. Parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) are the paradigm that represents the largest class of parameterized quantum algorithms. QAOA (Farhi et al. [ 4 ] ) is a popular example. PAOA represents a class of pro

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1使用次通用门集的经典变分电路是否能在组合优化问题上优于如QAOA的量子变分电路?
  • RQ2基于p-bit的概率经典电路是否能提供一种可行且可硬件实现的近似量子算法替代方案?
  • RQ3模型深度与参数数量对经典变分电路在Max-Cut问题上的性能有何影响?
  • RQ4PAOA是否能作为比随机猜测或SDP松弛更公平的基准,用于评估优化中的量子优势?
  • RQ5尽管训练协议相似,量子与经典变分电路之间是否仅在规模增大时才显现出性能差距?

主要发现

  • 在28个节点的Erdős–Rényi图上,Reduced PAOA实现了0.89的近似比,优于QAOA(0.71–0.81)和随机猜测(0.82)。
  • 在20个节点的Erdős–Rényi图上,Reduced PAOA的平均近似比达到0.88,超过QAOA(0.84–0.85)和PAOA(0.80)。
  • PAOA在不同图类型(包括Barabási–Albert网络)中表现出一致性能,在100个节点以内的图上均显著优于随机猜测。
  • 仅含一层的Min PAOA变体在20个节点的Erdős–Rényi图上实现了0.83的近似比,表明其在极简复杂度下仍具强大性能。
  • QAOA性能随深度增加而下降(如6层时为0.71),而PAOA变体的性能保持稳定或提升,表明其优化景观更优。
  • PAOA在无需任何超参数调优的情况下即获得高质量结果,而QAOA需经调优才能达到相当性能,表明PAOA具有更强鲁棒性。
Figure 2: Illustrative example of the Max-Cut algorithms for a 3-node graph $G$ showing both QAOA and PAOA circuits. (Left) $H$ is the Hadamard gate and $p$ is the circuit depth (see Section III for the in-depth explanation). (Right) $R$ denotes a random initial state, and $P$ represents the probabi
Figure 2: Illustrative example of the Max-Cut algorithms for a 3-node graph $G$ showing both QAOA and PAOA circuits. (Left) $H$ is the Hadamard gate and $p$ is the circuit depth (see Section III for the in-depth explanation). (Right) $R$ denotes a random initial state, and $P$ represents the probabi

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