[论文解读] Thermally induced changes of structure in Ni$_{50}$Mn$_{25+x}$Ga$_{25-x}$ magnetic shape memory single crystals with very low twinning stress
本研究利用原位X射线衍射技术,追踪从173 K到343 K温度范围内,具有极低孪生应力的Ni50Mn25+xGa25−x磁性形状记忆单晶在热致作用下的结构变化,研究其晶格参数演变。关键发现表明,II型孪晶的孪生应力与单斜角γ及c/a比值密切相关,但与a−b差异无关,说明晶格畸变,特别是单斜畸变和剪切,主导了低孪生应力的形成,而a/b层状结构则无显著作用。
In search for the origins of the extraordinary low twinning stress of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloys we studied the thermally induced changes of structure in Ni$_{50}$Mn$_{25+x}$Ga$_{25-x}$ ($x$=2.7--3.9) single crystal samples and compared them with twinning stress dependences. The alloys exhibited transformation to five-layered (10M) martensite structure between 297 to 328 K. All samples exhibited magnetic shape memory effect. Just below the transformation temperature the samples had very low twinning stress of about 0.1--0.3 MPa, which increased with decreasing temperature. The structural changes were monitored using X-ray diffraction in the temperature range 173--343 K. The 10M structure was approximated by monoclinic lattice with the unit cell derived from the cubic unit cell of the parent L2$_{1}$ phase. With decreasing temperature, the lattice parameters $a$ and $γ$ increased, $c$ decreased, while $b$ was nearly constant. For $x\leq3.5$, sudden sharp changes in $a$ and $b$ parameters additionally occurred, resulting in $a=b$ in some regions of the phase diagram, which might be related to the refinement of twin structure of 10M martensite on nanoscale. The temperature dependences of lattice parameter $γ$ (and $c$ or $c/a$) correlate well with the temperature dependences of twinning stress in agreement with the prediction by a microstructural model of twin boundary motion. On the contrary, there is no correlation between $(a-b)$ and twinning stress. This indicates no significant role of $a/b$ twins or laminate in twin boundary motion mechanism and low twinning stress.
研究动机与目标
- 理解10M Ni-Mn-Ga磁性形状记忆合金中异常低孪生应力的起源。
- 研究晶格参数随温度变化的结构演变对孪生应力的影响。
- 确定晶格参数a、b、c和γ是否与I型和II型孪晶界处的孪生应力相关。
- 评估纳米尺度孪晶结构细化及异相马氏体转变(10M ↔ 14M ↔ NM)在孪生应力行为中的作用。
- 检验将晶格畸变与孪晶界运动联系起来的微观结构模型的预测。
提出的方法
- 采用原位X射线衍射技术,在173–343 K范围内测量Ni50Mn25+xGa25−x单晶的晶格参数a、b、c和单斜角γ。
- 将10M马氏体结构建模为单斜结构,其晶胞由立方L21母相推导得出。
- 测量孪生应力并将其与随温度变化的晶格参数相关联,以检验微观结构模型。
- 通过比较x = 2.7–3.9的合金,识别晶格行为与孪生应力的成分与结构趋势。
- 分析晶格参数的突然变化,以检测异相马氏体转变与纳米尺度结构细化。
- 对孪生应力与γ、c/a及(a−b)进行统计比较,评估其对孪晶界运动的影响。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1单斜角γ是否与II型孪晶孪生应力的温度依赖性相关?
- RQ2a−b晶格参数差异与I型或II型孪晶的孪生应力之间是否存在显著相关性?
- RQ3晶格参数c及c/a比值的变化如何与随温度降低的孪生应力演变相关?
- RQ4在某一临界温度以下,孪生应力为何突然升高?其是否与晶格参数异常或相变成核有关?
- RQ5纳米尺度下10M马氏体孪晶结构的细化(表现为小幅度晶格参数变化)在多大程度上影响孪生应力?
主要发现
- 随着温度降低,所有样品的晶格参数a和γ增大,c减小,而b基本保持不变。
- 对于x ≤ 3.5,a和b参数出现突然且急剧的变化,导致部分区域a = b,表明存在纳米尺度孪晶结构的细化。
- γ角和c/a比值的温度依赖性与孪生应力表现出强烈相关性,支持其在控制孪晶界运动中的作用。
- 未发现孪生应力与(a−b)参数之间存在显著相关性,表明a/b层状结构在低孪生应力中无显著作用。
- 在约T0以下孪生应力的上升并未与晶格参数变化一致,表明14M相成核最可能是其主要原因。
- 结果支持微观结构模型,即单斜畸变(γ)和剪切(c/a)是导致II型孪晶中极低孪生应力的关键因素。
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