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Different hormonal milieu, the reproductive health characteristics of infertile women such as distorted tubal function, technical issues of IVF procedures, and the estimated embryo implantation potential are possible risk factors. How each factor contributes to the risk of occurring ectopic pregnancy after assisted reproductive technology is uncertain and needs further investigation.

STUDY QUESTION: What is the optimal vitrification protocol according to the cryoprotective agent (CPA) for ovarian tissue (OT) cryopreservation? SUMMARY ANSWER: The two-step protocol with 7.5% ethylene glycol (EG) and 7.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 10 min then 20% EG, 20% DMSO and 0.5 M sucrose for 5 min showed the best results in mouse OT vitrification. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Establishing the optimal cryopreservation protocol is one of the most important steps to improve OT survival. Howeve

Our results suggest that vitrification is a reliable and effective method for cryopreservation of HAMs.

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are a class of polypeptides that permit organismal survival in sub-freezing environments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of AFP supplementation on immature mouse oocyte vitrification. Germinal vesicle-stage oocytes were vitrified using a two-step exposure to equilibrium and vitrification solution in the presence or absence of 500 ng/mL of AFP III. After warming, oocyte survival, in vitro maturation, fertilization, and embryonic development up t

AIM: In order to find the optimal exposure time of cryoprotectant, we performed a comparison of vitrification versus slow freezing according to the degree of normal morphology and apoptosis of human ovarian follicles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients aged 20-41 years who underwent operative laparoscopy for benign ovarian cysts or cesarean section were enrolled in this study. We carried out a prospective parallel comparison of survival and morphology of follicles after freezing (slow freezi

Cryopreservation and transplantation of ovarian tissue (OT) represents a method for fertility preservation. However, as the transplantation is performed without vessel anastomosis, unavoidable ischemic damage occurs. To reduce this ischemic damage and improve outcomes after transplantation, we used two kind of angiogenic factors, angiopoietin-2 (ang-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Fresh or vitrified-warmed bovine OTs were prepared for xenotransplantation (XT). Fresh OTs were im