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Nucleic acid testing (NAT) is important for the identification and quantification of specific nucleic acid targets, both DNA and RNA, in life sciences and clinical diagnostics. Nucleic acid amplification can be a time-consuming step in NAT using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a simple method to reduce the amplification time while maintaining the PCR system. The three-step process of a general qPCR was reduced to a two-step process. The annealing

Multiplex PCR simultaneously detects several different DNA targets in a given sample and has, therefore, gained considerable interest for use in examining a genetic target whose number rapidly increases in a single phenotype. Conventional real-time PCR lacks sufficient multiplex capacity, as the limited number of color channels restricts the number of simultaneously detectable targets to six. On the contrary, DNA-based hydrogel microparticles immobilized with primers provide outstanding multiple

We present a brief overview of metabolic engineering, depicting the necessity of exploiting microorganisms for obtaining desired metabolites and the difficulty of metabolic pathway optimization under numerous conditions. The advantages, limitations, and examples of conventional quantitative analytical methods that focus on accuracy but have low throughput rates are presented. We have also described in vivo analytical methods with high-throughput rates, which indirectly compare the yield of the r

TaqMan probes are essential tools in nucleic acid diagnostics, enabling sequence-specifc detection and are widely utilized in liquid biopsies. However, detecting ultra-short cell-free DNA (cfDNA), typically 40–80 bp in length, presents signifcant challenges for TaqMan probe design. Designing primers for short template strands further restricts the available TaqMan probe length, making it difcult to adhere to the conventional guideline that requires the TaqMan probe's T_m to be 8–10 °C